GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2003 | Volume:34 | Issue:43|Papers Count:9

Although the exact date when Talesh Heights were resided is unknown, we do know that the first human groups to move toward this habitat were animal - breeders who climbed these heights in tram the west in search of fresh and suitable pastures. The geographiccondtions of this area do not permit steady stay all through the Year. The foundations of a tribe community were, thus, Laid. The nomads of Asalem have distribated in the west of Rasht Astara Road in, in turn, winter - quarters, spring and qutumn -quarters, summer - quarters and Almas defile. Factors motivating the nomadism of farmers paritcularly rice - plantors and amimal - breeders, in the from of semi - nomadism and transhumance include the need for summer- quarters at heights, rich pastures in spring and qutumn - quarters and summer - quarters, The previous record of residence at heights, rich pastures in spring and qutumn - quarters and summer - quarters, specialization in animal husbandry, natural condition, and finally habit.

Considering the various historical, natural and anthropological resources of the country, tourism can play a major role in generating income and employment in Iran. Even though, tourism has been emphasized and its importance has been taken into consideration during the past decad this industry yet, has not played an effective role in the countrys economy. Certain internal and external factors are identified as the main reasons for this cause. In this article "Inefficiency Management" would be reviwed as a key cause of this unsuccess. A decade of continued inefficiency (1989-1999) finally led to the stagnation of tourism and resulted a considerable decrease in the number of tourism and resulted a considerable decrease in the number of in bound tourist arrivals in 2000. The effects of which became more visible after the terrorist attack on 11 sep. 2001 with the passiveness and inability to manage the crisis and therefore ever since the imposed war the tourism industry in Iran is Once again facing another major crisis.

Sustainability was perhaps the word of the end of 20 century. It has been largely popularized after releasing Brundtland commission report on environment and development, and defining sustainable development in that. The Brundtland reports definition contains the three layers: development, equity and environmental conservation. Equity layer of sustainable development is the layer through which by emphasizing on the principle of social justice or intra-generational equity sustainability can be rendered into practice at the lower levels of spatial organization of cities, that is urban districts. In this article, social, economical and environmental (housing) specifications of census districts were compared for evaluating the principle of intra-generational equity of sustainable development. The central assumption of this paper is that according to indicators measured through census data, the urban development of Qom (including development of new districts) is unequal and unsustainable. In this study, Morris inequality index is used to do indicators comparable. A database including 1: 17000 base map was created in ArclInfo environment. Accordingly the map of sustainability of Qom districts is prepared. The results of calculations, Morris index and the map of sustainability of Qom districts revealed that some of the new districts are unsustainable.

After half a contury and much more experiences about theoretical and experiential Patterns in developing countries, industrialization has been prospered from special position as dominant approach in recent decade. In this relation, The connection between industrialization and rural development has made clear by preparing income and employment opportunites. In order to, the industrialization of rural regions in the form of prepare industrial areas (districts) has the Purpose of reaching to rural sustainable development in recent decade and is taken into consideration by rural development programmers. To assess the results and concequences of creating industrial districts in rural regions, it is done a case study in semnan province in Lasgerd. industrial district on 54 employeds. The concludes shows that creation of job opportunties for rustics (villagers) have not been successfully, because 66.7 Percent of employeds are city inhabitants. Also, research foundings that impetus of migration in employeds have not been any decrese

Estimation of Runoff from Precipitation is a base for most the different development and utilization projects of Water Resources. So due to environmental constraints, its measurements and computations always face a lot of problems. The study of most of the hydrologic models and methods indicates that due to the lack of enough and accurate statistical data on the effectiveness of temporal patterns and some other environmental problems. Sometimes, their coefficients show errors. Nowadays, through combining the empirical models and methods with GIS techniques, We can determine their unknown coefficients in order to obtain correct and precise runoffs. In this research, Watershed of Kashkan River with the area of 9275.66 Km2 in the Southwest of IRAN located in Lorestan Province, is chosen as a case study. To approach the desired goals of the project, annual Precipitation data, within the years 1964-1996 (32 years) were deducted. Then, in order to analyze the obtained data, Isohyetal Maps (Interpolation methods) were prepared using GIS algorithms. The main goal has been to test a combination of empirical models with GIS techniques to prepare lsohyetal maps (models) in order to measure the local rainfall and effective Precipitation to be used in Rainfall-Runoff Simulations. Results (using linear equations) show that correlation coefficients between the observed and computed data (Rainfall-Runoft) for the subbasin of this region are between 97.5 and 99.99 percents, In conclusion preparing Isohyetal models using GIS is recommended as the most certain criteria

According to forms, causes and effects of city and village relations in Tehrans suburbs, can be explained this relations on the basis of "environs model". Therefor, the rural regions to operates as complementary spaces of the Tehran metropolitain. In the rural regions of Tehrans north, have spread the tourism and leisure functions mainly But in the rural regions of tehrans south, have spread the various functions such as, residential, industrial and infrastructural. This functions have been creat and spread in rural regions without approved plan and for this same reason, have existed many undesirable effects in some cases. The Planning and guidance this changes for sustainable and integrated development of city and village is necessary.

Preparing dispersion maps and integrating them through spatial statistics techniques and Geographical Intformation Systems (GIS) has gained a special role in the Various disciplines of geography. Thus, geographers use interpolation methods to prepare such maps. The Griging Method is one of the widely-used models for this purpose due to the major differences it has with other methods. This paper, therefore, surveys and discusses the Griging Model in interpolation. The results showed that although the Grijing model is highly accurate, lhe results obtained in most geographical analyses are far from reality. Also, the model depends on lhe spatial structure or the sampling points and is affected by lhe range of sample changes. The other features of the model such as smoothing, addibility, and its absolute nature also cause certain constraints in geographical analyses.

The Prediction of alterations and also general and partial transfers of pattern of the river is one of the main subjects concerning fluvial Geomorphology. In this article after introducing Geomorphology of the river and the explanation of study methods of rivers pattern. The Talar river has been examined. First, the path of the river has been divided, considering pattern and then the alterations of pattern has been examined with the use of method of mattematical model and also with the use of Graphic and field methods. aerophotographs taken in 1956 and 1995, were used as well. The result of this examination indicates that the river hasnt reached its own dynamic balance yet and alters at the beginning of plain. At the terminal part, including meanderic pattern, alterations are restricted to the outside bank of bends. But alterations havent been accomplished in general pattern of the river.