GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2004 | Volume:36 | Issue:49|Papers Count:13

Since agricultural exploitation on country is implemented on small fragments, and numerous farmers with low capitals have scattered on country and they face numerous of difficulties on agricultural production, marketing, credit and other inputs supply, etc; their productive of ones labour are sold to forward purchaser that occasionally are damaged. for prevention this affair, farmers take action to establishing of productive coops and they pave such background that will be gotten with their active participation in political, economical and social kismet and will being exposed to the public view development of rural regions. or this purposes, essential research was done with using analytical explanatory ways between members of productive cooperatives on rural regions of Meshkin Shahar county in order to research affect of productive co-ops on development of rural regions would be exposed to public view. The results which have been gained via the variety statistical analytic. they indicate that membership at productive co-ops has performed on income promotion, employment, and overall co-ops have caused on development, ofrural regions of Mesh kin Shahr county.

It is the sliding and immediate and massive movement of a mass of soil and the materials of the suiface of the slopes which is transferred to the lower part of the slopes. Frequent occurance of the sliding in the tea plant farms in mountainous areas in the east of Gilan cause a decline in the level of the tea plant Plantation. Therefore the amount of tea production is declined every year in order to of the deficiention and the needs of tea consumption, a great deal of is sending abroad for importation. In addition the decline in tea production impose a great financial damage to the tea plant farmers of the Area. Therefore, the recognition of this phenomenon, introduction of sliding places and the elements effective on slidings in the tea plant farms in east of Gilan can be usefitl for planners as basic surveys and the outcome of the research can help the national and local economy. So this article which is a summary of the final report of a reserch which has been done in 1375 by the author is presented with following goals: 1- Introduction of the elements effective on the establishment of the sliding and prioritization of them. 2- Recognition and introduction of sliding places or the places disposed of the occurance of sliding and prioritization of the areas according to the proportion of frequency of the slidings

In different historical periods and during the process of changing natural environment perspective and converting it to a geographical environment, man has tried to choose proper locations for activities and settlemant. In past, the relatively small expansion of activities which affect on location, provided the possibility for mental assessments and qualitative estimations. But today, as the variety and exceeding of effective indicatiors, on one hand, and required consideration to the future impacts of location on geographical environment, on the other hand, have caused that the qualitative estimations lose their use and instead useing indicatiors. has gotten much more necessity. A.H.P model and its way of use which are introduced in this article, is one of the most known techniques of multi purpose decision making for situaions which have multiple and opposite scales and the applicability of this method has been proved in numerous plannings like choosing dam locations, industrial townships location, and new town location and so. In this article, in order to determine the way of using A.H.P in geographical studies, the location stages for future development of a city are described with this assumption that an analyst, considering four scales, is going to choose a piece of land which possesses the best condition for future town development, form among of land.

The land of Iran during last centuries has been visited by many orientalist mainly from Europe. The results of their observation are hundreds of books, notes and documents. Within these great amount of papers, it is possible to find valuable geographical sources leading us to know divers aspects of geographical researches coresponding to different historical periods. Now we consider all existing books and documents as geographical bibliography and it is possible to use them as a base for any updated study. Geographical bibliography of central part of northern Iran and Caspian egion are also have its own distinictive bibliographical status, through travel books and divers sorts of documents but relatively with low level of avliability because of physical barn.ers characterstic there.

As the result of gully invention and development in study area,more amount of susceptible soil for cultivation,delivering on slopes into drainage density. Because for this reason,research and study on invention and development of gullies in study area, are very very important. The role of morphogenic and topographic factors, taking into acount in the research of cause and factors of gulling. The gradient, length and shape of slopes ,relative relief-as the most important topographical factors influence on run off and increase or decrease power of erosive force of run off ,playing the most important role. In this article have been analysed the role of topographical factors on regression head of gullies by used of quantitive methods. The results of this analysises show that,the shere of slops lengthen on development of head gullies in study area is more than other topographical factors.So that as ,if slop of length increase and hold constant other factors, potential of soil erosion on slopes will increase to,equal 2.5 times

In regard to environmental diversity and the role of climate on forming the Bioclimatic regions. In this research we use the papadalds classification Method in which emphasis on ecological factors. Main factors in this manner are: Winter severity, summer heat (thermal thresholds), length of frost free season, potential evapotranspiration, Water Balance and seasonal distribution of humidity rate. In this paper we selected 38 stations, which had enough climate data, and by use of Excel software proceeded them. The most important results of this research are: I.To show microclimatic details 2. Adjustment of output with performs of style from the viewpoint of agricultural products. 3. Agroclimatical diversity of Iran and much potential in order to increase crops. In this research stations divided, into seven major group and 12 types and 21 subtypes.

Wind is also an important agent of erosion and sediments transport on the Dashte Lout. We need to see how surface winds are related to the circulation of the Atmosphere. The lout pattern of air flow (wind) is determined by the non uniform heat, cold and whet Land Surface. Coriolis effect distribution of topography (mountains, yardang and sand land). Winds speed achieved to at least 30 km/h and some times exceed 80 km/h. when wind speeds in dashte lout reach or exceed 80 km/h , coarse rock particles up to several centimeters in diameter can be lifted to heights of a meter or more. However wind speed rarely exceeds 50 km/h, a velocity described as a strong wind. In the dasht lout, in a strong wind the largest particles of sediment that can be suspend in the air stream are grains of sand. Larger particles settle out too quickly to remain aloft. At lower wind speed sands moves along close to the ground surface and only finer grains of dust move in suspension. If a wind blows across abed of sand the grains begin to move when the wind speed reaches about 4.5 m/s (16 km/h). The resulting forward rolling motion of the sand. with increasing wind speed, turbulence near the ground lifts moving sand grains into the air. This is the same Aeolian processes that changing land form in dashte lout. All moving along in dashte lout with the wind similar to those of a ping-pong ball bouncing across a table. Even in strong winds salting sand grains seldom rise far off the ground as shown by abrasion marks on utility poles and fence posts that are sand blasted up to a height of about a meter. Types of dunes based on form is: 1- Barchan dune across on hard, fat desert floors in lout that wind direction and limited sand supply, height 0.5 to 40 m. 2- Transverse dune, occurs in lout with abundant sand, can form by merging of individual barchans. 3- Linear dune, Along relatively straight, ridge-shaped dune in lout with limited sand supply and variable winds. 4- Star dune, a high more of 400 m, tends to remain fixed in place in lout, where wind blows from all directions. 5- Parabolic dune, in lout parabolic dune shaped like a (U) or (V), with open end facing up wind.

Ghechi Ghalasi stock is located on the northern slope of Misho Dagh in East Azerbaijan of Iran. At the end of the late Pliestocene and during the Holocene, climatic changes are accepted in study area. Wet/cold periods are interpreted as accumulative stages, and dry/ warm periods as stages of erosion. Study of relics of whichever of this periods is a guide for climatic change researches in the study area. In this article geomorphic features are recognised on the base of lithologic and climatic analysis, and are related to past climatic changes. An arcuate ridge fringing talus slopes of Ghechi Ghalasi, deposited valleys, talus and debris cons, paleolandslides, periglacier landforms such as block streams, block fields and mud boils, are geomorphologic features, that are directly relate to past climatic conditions. On this base, relict and present landforms of slope surfaces, with due attention relative to relative ages, are classified in 4 erosive periods and 3 accumulative periods. At present slope surfaces hardly influenced by human activities, therefore, suitable planning and environmental management can reduce slope instability.

Informal Settlements are shelters for high percentage of population in Cities of Developing countries. It is estimated that between 30 and 70 parents live in illegal or irregular settlements. Different approaches have been used by different countries at different stages. Settlement upgrading has been known as one of the most recent and most appropriate strategies. The question considered is what are the most effective ways to achieve this. This paper presents the result of a feasibility study of a citywide upgrading and community enabling program. It was funded by World Bank in year 2002, for a port city in Iran, caned Bandar Abass where the problem of informal housing exist shortly. The result of this research confirmed John Abbot s opinion (2002) that there is a need for method-based approach where upgrading strategy is adapted and approaches to achieve this strategy and different for different conditions. This research used a method-based approach to evaluate the feasibility of using the upgrading strategy. Also, a planning framework was designed as a basis for this strategy. The planning framework presents all approaches in all dimensions (physical, Socioeconomic and environment al health), choosing two major strategies. (I) Integrated urban Development and (2) Active prevention of Informal Housing sprawl. The major goal as world Bank emphasizes was planning to reduce urban poverty.

As More and better production of food stuff is one of the most important problems in now a days world and since production and agricultural abilities of a region depend on weather and climate, the study of atmospheric factors influencing on agriculture has a main role. Phoenix dectylifera belongs to monocotyleden of palmaceae family. This family has 200 genera and 4000 species. All of them grow in warm and dry lands of world. Some of scientists believe that the origin of date palm is north of Africa and India. And some believe that the origin of date palm is Mesopotamia. The people of this region have been cultivating it since 4000 - 5000 BC. Archeologists believe that date palm cultivation in Iran goes back to the achaemenian dynasty. Golestan is one of the northern provinces of Iran that located a the eastern south end of Caspian Sea. About one- third of the whole area of province is located in arid and semi- arid region.

The speedy and uncontrolled urbanism, urban unbalanced physical development and in particular the eroded and demolished urban historical textures in Iran in recent decades has found such a broad dimension, which threaten the civic urban safety and identity intensively referring to the policies and plans of urban development, this paper makes attempt to evaluate the existing signs and witnesses of the urban renovation and improvement records. In line with this idea, the main objective of the paper is review and evaluate the urban development plans and policies and in particular the old urban texture. In the view to the fact that the comprehensive and sustainable policy making and planning for renovation, redevelopment and fixing the old urban textures and their adaptability with the environmental and cultural structures are among the essentials of urban development, and also concerning the fact that the preservation and renovating plans will increase the security co- efficiency of the buildings against the natural disasters and in particular earthquake, and considering the fact that while preserving cultural heritage and procuring urban crisis management, these plans will bring about urban sustainable development, so dealing with this subject is of great significance. This research will use descriptive, analytical, historical and referential methodology. or the purpose of evaluating the urban development policies and plans, the documents, contents, objectives, strategies, executive measures and performance of the development plans in each planning stage have been reviewed. Then considering the aspects related to the old urban textures, the dominating attitude, comprehensiveness, adaptability and inadaptability of the plans with regard to their impact on old urban textures have been evaluated.

Moving towards constant development with the aim of adjusting inequalities requires knowing the weakest and most unstable villages. The main aim of this essay is to realize and minimize maximum weakness not on the basis of volume and size but on the basis of place and role that they have in system. Nowadays, migration is not considered as a useful process for solving problems and. industry and services developing requests. On the contrary the existent process is a main general aspect that increases surplus powers and makes unemployment problem more critical. Environmental factors and capacities as "topography, slope of ground, temperature, rainfall, amount of water, capability of the land have an important influence on the amount of migration and vacancy of villages .Disability of mentioned societies (villagers) because of different structural reasons causes their disability in confrontation with natural phenomena like drought, flood, earthquake, water shortage, earth movement, soil erosion and ultimately they have been defeated by un favorable natural conditions and have been obliged to migrate and abandon their residence. As a result, these villages have been unresidential and without inhabitants areas. The results of this research shows vulnerable areas that may be damaged and analyzes the villages in the areas which have had the most amount of migration and sometimes migration in them have been depopulation and the villages have been abandoned. The result of this procedure has caused human and natural resources to be useless and brought about a lot of civic problems.