GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2008 | Volume:40 | Issue:63|Papers Count:13

From 165 millions cubic meters of Water which is used in Kalat region, 60 millions cubic meters is surface water and 105 millions cubic meters is underground water. Most of water needed in this region, is provided by the rivers. There is not any problem for Providing water in agricultural section, drinking water and hygiene sections in the region. The most important problem in the region is the exploitation method of water resource. Villagers in the area use river water by using several traditional canals and levees. This systems are not lasting and are destroyed by floods, and again must be rebuild. In this region water is distributed among the farmers based on water share in an hour, and whenever, water share is not enough, problems arise among the farmers in some rural settlement of the region, Providing drinking and hygienic water, causes some problems for the villagers. In order to investigate the effective factors in providing water for rural settlement, we have used Fishers test, considering two factors; being far from the official center and altitude of settlements from water resources. The results show that, there is no significant relation, between them. Real Problems are cost shortages and lack of proper water management.

The aim of this article is to study the function of Khoy as a medium sized city in the spatial development of the Azerbaijan Gharbi province. The research method is descriptive – analytical. The quantative models have been used to study the place of the city and its hinterland. The population models indicate that the Khoy city has the capacity to attract emigrants. If it is not considered in the urban network of the province the will be more imbalances. The economic models indicate that in Khoy city the industrial sector has a higher growth rate than the other sectors. This city has also the second rank in the economic criteria between province cities. Studying the hinterland of the city indicate that Khoy has the first role in eliminating the service needs of it's area residences. Therefore, considering the suitable opportunities and the positive points and tendency of the provincial urban network towards imbalances in future, this city can play the role of center for the northern parts of province in service - offering sector and industry.

The complexity of urban systems in our recent world, make it difficult to evaluation and explanation of their changes with traditional and customarily methods. In the past, remote sensing has shown an ability to detect and describe urban growth patterns at different spatial scales. With new remote sensing devices (e.g. IKONOS), with innovative image processing techniques and with further development of decision support tools (e.g. GIS and urban land use change models), remote sensing has new opportunities to provide useful information in support of sustainable development and ًsmart growthً for urban areas. Given that urban dynamics impact many physical/ spatial scales, we present a framework for the mapping and analysis of predictable patterns of urban growth at different spatial scales in order to analyze the urbanization process. Also we conduct urban growth analysis using spatial measurements of changes in the urban environment on the regional scale, and urban land cover structure on the local scale, in the Zanjan area. Results show how the new era of remote sensing data and superior methods allow for a better understanding, modeling, and prediction of the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban physical/ spatial growth at each of the different scales. According to this view in this paper to evaluation of Zanjan physical/ spatial expansion we have been used regression line and CROSSTAB models. The results of research have been show the correlation, intensity, extent and conversion/ changes mechanism of urban land use of zanjan city as a result of its spatial structure growth. According of this, we show the scale of intensity of land use changes (e.g. dray farming, barren land, etc. to urban land use) in the region of zanjan city under its physical - spatial growth.

Focusing on geographic and environmental factors, this article discusses recent recurring shifts in the mode of subsistence – from transhumant to sedentary pastoralism – observed among the Bakhtiaris of central Zagros. The article suggests that the evolutionary changes have been part of an adaptation strategy followed by Bakhtiari communities in the face of new environmental conditions in the highlands, the scarcity and dispersion of resources, the cultural and economic vulnerability of the transhumant populations vis-à-vis sedentary farmers and pastoralists, and general shifts in the subsistence structures and mechanisms. With the expansion of agricultural and industrial productive activities across the Bakhtiari heartland, transhumant populations are facing limitations in terms territory, movement, and access to resources as well as constant changes in the social, economic, and cultural milieus. These factors tend to encourage the settlement of transhumant populations in the southern Zagors area. In presenting its arguments, the article benefits from anthropological field research conducted in 2005 on two Bakhtiari clans of Malek-Mahmudi and Tat-Kheyri in Aligudarz and North Dezful respectively.

Fifty-eight years ago, the first developmental program of our country has been administered. The improper politics and policies of these programs due to dependence on the oil revenues and there by stablishing" R. Government" and also allocation of the most developmental and flowing budgets of these revenues to the cities especially large cities of the country intensified the urban immigration of the villagers. Besides, paying attention to the monting industry, perfoming Land amendmeds at rural points, paying less attention to the rural areas generally and to the agricultural development specially, increased the rural-urban immigration rate. Among the positive and negative effects of this phenomenon we can mention equating the seasonal unemployment and an increased amount of the wages of the people staying in villages, improving the building works, increasing the products of mounting industries and food industries in cities, Hurried urbanity, Changing the population structure of cities and villages, disturbing the construction of employment, the rising level of unemployment, tendency to false jobs, dependence on the import of agricultural products.

Without knowing the established order, it would be impossible to reach goals of national security and benefits and it will cause lots of mistakes and large waste of national resources that would be Irreparable. Nowadays the big powers know the weaknesses and abilities of other countries at international levels. In fact that Pakistan is situated in a such strategic part of the world, therefore, the great powers evaluate very much the relations with that country. Consequently reviewing geopolitics of this country would force us to take good political, economical, cultural and military decision which would be useful for the future of our country. This article is trying to determine where Pakistan stands in the new geopolitical of the region and the trend of evolutions in the scene of regional and Para regional competitions after the Cold War and the September eleven event, therefore the proximity of this country to the center of the critical regions of the geopolitics and geostrategic of the 21st century, the effects of this proximity on the neighboring country are under observation so that it can help the understanding of the features roots opportunities treat intricacies of the region.

Rapid Urbanization and concentration of population in urban areas is one of the main characteristics of today’s world. In developing countries lack of necessary infrastructures, disproportionate growth, insufficient planning skills and mismanagement have caused great disparities in the distribution of urban land uses. This brings insecurity among inhabitants and inhibits sustainable development. The hypothesis of this paper is based on the quantitative and qualitative differences of land use distribution that exist between national standards and local applications with emphasis on the role of city mismanagement in the issue. Bonab, the case study, is a small town in East Azerbaijan Province. Urban land use in various aspects is analyzed by using four indexes of “desirability, capacity, adaptability and social justice”. The result shows that desirability index is positive due to physical settings of the place, where topography does not prevent future expansions. The other three indexes, however, are all proved to be negative mainly due to unplanned and uncontrolled distribution of land uses. Weak management and dispersed decision-making centers play the major role and enhance problems.

The structural and functional changes of social and political systems have led to the establishment of different grounds in administrating urban affairs. The formation and role attribution to different actors of urban ground, including government, people, civil and legislation institutions, etc, have caused the development of counter and bilateral duties and tasks between the citizens and affairs administrators in both national and local levels. Cities, as accommodation centers, have different structure and functions. Formation of structural elements in the cities and various roles are formed by the political and social actors of the state; however, managing the urban affairs and meeting the citizens’ demands and expectations require grounds and beds on the light of which, the demands would receive rational and reasonable answers. City, citizens and urban management are concepts with very close ties. Establishment of conditions and necessary grounds for the interaction between the elements of urban management that consists citizens, city administrators’ institutes, Islamic council and private sector need to be established on the legitimacy and legalization circles. The legalization is based on developing rules and agreements that clear mutual duties and tasks of both citizens and urban management and aims at organizing urban life and activities of urban management. This paper tries to analyze and describe the concept, background and settlement place of citizenship in the urban rules and regulations and determines its relationship with urban management as well.

Urban management forms (model) are a key and important factor on characteristics of urban governance. Study of literature and other country’s experience suggest application of various form of urban management and government that each have own specification, legal and administrative characteristics. In Iran, in spite of 100 years record in establishing municipalities, there is not any legal and formal reference for specification of urban management form. Study of evolution of urban management form in Iran indicates that council- manager form has been dominant so far. Present paper examines different urban government form in America and Europe and also evolution of those forms in Iran’s act and legislations. In present paper, weakness and failures of existing urban management form has been analyzed. According to this analysis, the most significant weaknesses are: lack of separation between political and technique-based leadership, limited scope of municipal functions, imposing a specific urban management form for all cities of country, weakness of check and balance mechanisms in regulating council and manager relationship, lack of local and district councils and mode of councilor’s elections.

This paper analyzes the impact of the livestock removal from forest areas on the living conditions of forest settlers in the Rezvanshahr district of Guilan Province, Iran. In this research, two groups of people including local authorities and expertise in charge of the removal plan and displaced families resettled in a newly built community of Chefrood, were interviewed. The main findings of the study indicate that livestock removal plan has relatively been successful in providing public services for the displaced families, however, it has not achieved its objectives in terms of job creation and having a reliable income source for them in the new place. As a result, most of the families have lost their incomes previously depended mainly on animal husbandry. Most families removed from forest indicated their dissatisfactions from the implemented plan and asserted their willingness to return to the forest. The study reveals that the continuation of such a plan in northern Iran would not properly achieve its goals if it does not consider other aspects like providing new job and reliable income source for displaced families. Local participation is an important forest management approach which has resulted in better forest conservation, lessening the poverty, increasing the environment sustainability and formulation of effective forest regulations in several places in the world. Such a policy could be implemented in northern Iran too.

Although it is just around two decades that the principles of urban development have entered into urban management literature, the dominant approach of development in the urban management systems in our country (Iran) has been confined to guiding and steering the urban total plans, unit's functionality changes and physical assets development. In other word, the dominant paradigms in urban management process in Iran, typically focus on the economic perspective of development while in today world, economic development strategies without considering social, human and ecological perspectives, create dynamisms which finally results in transforming the main engines of development(emerging with time lag) to barriers of development. In this case, these kinds of development are called unsustainable developments. This paper presents the findings of a study which has measured and assessed the sustainability of local development in Kelardasht using preferred weighting method. This study suggests suitable policies to transform development of this region of our country, toward sustainability, after sampling, measuring, processing monitoring and the results of the local development of Kelardasht and it's consequences in the last twenty years and comparing it with international standards of measuring the sustainability of development.

Establishment of human settlement from far past time was caused by access to two factors: water and ground for exploitation. So we have seen the formation of human settlement in keeping with these two factors in dry and semi- dry region, especially in Iran, even a few scientists mention Hydraulics civilizations in Middle East region. The faults are the rising place of nether water and meeting point of underlying tough mass with earth surface in dry and semi dry region. So around faults, there is affluence of water sources, as a result most of human settlements for access to these water sources have been established around the faults. The big Daroneh fault with length about 700 kilometer stats from Naeen and after passing from East of Iran enters Afghanistan land. This fault in East areas has east-west flow and north-south flow in West areas. According to accomplished searches, although this Daroneh fault is considered one of the active faults of Iran and has provided destructive earthquakes in the region, more than eighty percent of settlements have been established around this fault. So far prevention from outcomes of earth moves in fault areas which are accompanied with earthquakes and other geomorphic moves, solutions such as transposition of under populated settlements, making resistant building, and appointing limit for fault are suggested.