Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Year:2005 | Volume:13 | Issue:51|Papers Count:12

Background & Objectives: The lateral nasal osteotomy is an integral part of cosmetic surgery (rhinoplasty). A reproducible and predictable technique with the least complication is a significant contributor to operation success. Regarding the different techniques and instrumentation for osteotomy, this study was carried out with the aim of comparison of ecchymosis severity due to lateral osteotomy in internal continuous and external perforated techniques in Tehran from 2004 to 2005. Materials & Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients ( 15 males and 15 females ). The entire patients had the same situation pre and post operation. In each patient both internal and external osteotomy were performed , and ecchymosis severity due to operation was measured using a ruler on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th day following the operation. The data were analysed through SPSS (Smirnov & kolmograph, repeated measure and Wilks tests). Results: The study results indicated that the ecchymosis severity was far lower in external method than internal method (P=0.01) and it was higher in lower eyelids than in upper eyelids  (P=0.01). Ecchymosis severity was higher on the 3rd day than the other days and it gradually declined from 3rd to 7th days. Age had no significant association with ecchymosis severity while its rate was higher in men than in women (P=0.01). Conclusions: External osteotomy causes less ecchymosis severity compared to internal technique and has other advantages confirmed by other researchers. Thus, it can be introduced as a preferable educational technique.

Background & Objectives: Zinc as a heavy metal is known to be an environment pollutant. Research shows that high amount of this metal might pose health hazards by affecting the normal function of endocrine glands and metabolic activities. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of various amounts of zinc on thyroid gland and liver enzymes in adult male rats in Kazeroon in 2005. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 40 adult male wistar rats were classified in to experimental, control and sham groups. Experimental groups received zinc in from of oral zinc sulfate 20 , 40 and 80 mg/kg for 15 days in three subgroups . Sham group received 1 ml distilled water while control group received no substance. At the end of 15th day blood sample was taken from ventricular part of the heart and concentrations of T3, T4 and TSH hormones and AST, ALT and ALP enzymes were measured through ELISA and trade kits and the data were analysed using Tukey test . Results: The results showed no significant difference in T3 hormone concentration and ALP enzyme between experimental groups and control group, while T4 hormone concentration in the first experimental group (20mg/kg zinc sulfate) increased significantly compared with control group (P<0.05). The concentration of TSH hormone showed a significant decrease between experimental and control groups (P<0.05). Serum concentration of AST and ALT in the first experimental group increased significantly compared to control group while it showed a significant decrease in the second and third experimental groups (40 and 80 mg/kg zinc sulfate) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The study results indicate that zinc affects thyroid gland and blocks the activity of 5'- diodinase through binding to sulfhydryl groups and decreases the conversion of T4 to T3. Zinc also decreases TSH amount and can damage plasma membrane and increase the amount of AST and ALT enzyme.

Background & Objectives: Nutritional habits and behavior are acquired and established during childhood and can remain through the whole life. Proper nutrition in childhood results in enhancing the child growth and development and hinders the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. Regarding the significance of nutritional training of school children, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of nutrition education on knowledge and nutritional practice of grade five elementary school children about junk food intake in Tabriz from 2004 to 2005. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 487 students (from 16 schools ) in two control and treatment groups. In this research two teaching styles (lecturing without teaching aids - and with teaching aids and group discussion) were performed for twelve sessions for the students. Data collecting tool was a questionnaire whose reliability and validity had been confirmed in advance. To investigate the effect of intervention of nutrition education in junk food consumption Solomon method was used. Results: The results obtained from this study showed no significant difference between mean knowledge and practice of the students in control and education groups before intervention. However, after nutrition education there was a significant difference (P=0.005) between mean score of knowledge and practice in two groups and the mean score of practice in treatment group increased from 87.8±31.95 before intervention to 104.6±28.34 after intervention and the mean score of knowledge increased from 22.4±16.49 before intervention to 42.6±25.68 after intervention. In addition, knowledge and practice increased significantly in two groups (P=0.005). The results were more favorable in girls than in boys (P=0.005). Conclusion: Nutrition education plays a crucially important role in improvement of knowledge and practice, particularly in school. Replacement of junk food with nutritious, healthy food will reduce the complications posed by consumption of junk food. Parents, education also seems essential to reduce the consumption of junk food.

Background & Objectives: Water - related diseases are among the most important public health problems in developing countries and providing the people with safe water is a key factor in health promotion. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of adolescents' participation on drinking water habits of Rostam Abad village in Bouin Zahra in 2004. Materials & Methods: This research is a quasi - experimental study with 36 adolescent cases who covered 102 families . At first, training sessions were held for the adolescents and then each of them took charge of a few families (average 3 families) for education and control. Ultimately, the percentage of rural families who used healthy water (chlorinated or boiled) before and after adolescents' participation was compared. To compare the mean consumption of safe water pre and post intervention t - test was used. Results: The results showed that none of the rural families consumed healthy water before intervention. However, 68.8% of the families used healthy water after intervention. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between mean consumption of safe water pre and post intervention (P=0.001). Conclusion: Adolescent participation affects the index of providing and consumption of healthy water in rural areas. Thus, it is suggested that this approach be applied as a practical means to increase the healthy water consumption in rural areas.

Background & Objectives: Proper height and healthy, normal spinal column and improvement of blood circulation play a crucially important role in general health of an individual. Regarding the lack of data concerning the deformities of spinal column in Zanjan, This study was carried out with the aim of determining the rate of spinal column deformities and cardio respiratory fitness in male guidance school students of Zanjan province in 2003. Materials & Methods: This cross - sectional study was conducted on 643 male students of guidance schools who were selected through cluster random sampling. After measuring the height and weight of the students and exclusion of unhealthy students from the study the data concerning the deformities of spinal column and cardio respiratory fitness of the students were collected through standard NewYork test, Shuttle run and YMCA method and analysed through correlation and analysis of regression . Results: The results showed that 93.8% of the students suffered from at least one deformity of spinal column. Deformities of spinal column consist of scapula knob (51.49%), chest depression (48.7%), abdomen knob (47.9%), dropped shoulder (45.7%), scoliosis (28.1%), abdomen lordosis (24.4%), neck lordosis (19.9%), kyphosis (14.6%), asymmetric pelvis (13.8%), head crookedness (9.3%), curled back (2.3%). The maximum intake of oxygen was 46.96 ml/kg per minute. There was a significant association between lordosis and asymmetric pelvis with cardio respiratory fitness (P=0.04 ). Conclusion: Most of the students (93.8%) suffered from at least one deformity of spinal column. This shows the necessity of paying particular attention to physical training and measures to prevent and control these disorders.

Background & Objectives: Observations show that the majority of women referring to hospitals to terminate their pregnancy in the third trimester have not initiated uterine contractions. Regarding the importance of infant - mother health and unnecessary cesarean section, the present research was conducted to determine the causes of pregnancy termination in the third trimester and its association with the fate of mother and fetus in Shahrekord in 2005. Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study 750 pregnant women who had been hospitalized to terminate pregnancy in the third trimester were selected randomly in three morning, afternoon and night shifts. Data collection tools were questionnaires and checklists which were completed through original examination of the patients, file study, interview with mother, and postnatal examination of the infant. The fate of infant and mother was determined through the type of delivery, pregnancy age and infant weight. The data were then classified and analysed using SPSS software, t-test, χ2 and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: 298 (39.7%) of mothers referred to the hospital due to the labor pain and 452 (60.3%) of them were advised to terminate their pregnancy by the physician. 23.2% of the above mentioned patients had been hospitalized due to the causes such as previous cesarean section, tendency toward cesarean, and mother - infant problems during the pregnancy. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between cause of pregnancy termination and type of delivery after exclusion of repeated cesarean section cases and tendency toward cesarean, and the patients advised by the physician had undergone more cesarean section (P=0.001). Pregnancy age in the group advised by physician for hospitalization was more than the group who had been hospitalized due to labor pain (P=0.003). Infant weight had no significant difference in two groups. Conclusion: Elective termination prior to labor pain can enhance the risk of cesarean section. Taking precise pregnancy history, performing sonography in the first 26 weeks, gestation and training the pregnant women the time of referring to hospital can prevent termination of pregnancy.

Background & Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common and probably the best understood disorder in childhood and adolescence. Due to its importance and complications, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of ADHD in elementary school children in Zanjan during 2004-2005 Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 428 elementary school children who had been selected through cluster random sampling. To collect the data Conner's Teacher Racing Scale-38 (CTRS-38) and Conner's Parent Rating Scale - 48 (CPRS-48) were used. To determine hyperactivity disorder analysis of  CTRS-38 and CPRS-48 were applied and to assess the frequency of anxiety and psychosomatic disorders parent's scale was used. The association of these disorders with some demographic factors was analysed through χ2 test. Results: The prevalence of ADHD, anxiety disorder and psychosomatic disorder through CPRS-48 were found to be 9.1%, 14.4% and 2.8% respectively. Hyperactivity disorder alone was 12.2 percent (through CPRS-48) and 4.9% of cases of both questionnaires received significant score. The prevalence rate of  hyperactivity, anxiety disorder and psychosomatic disorder was higher in boys than in girls though not statistically significant . Hyperactivity disorder was correlated with anxiety disorder (P=0.001) poor educational status (P=0.001) and history of psychiatric disorder in siblings (P=0.004). Other status variables (father,s job, size of family, housing, parents, history of psychiatric disease and educational grade ) had not significant association with the disorders. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ADHD is a moderately prevalent disorder in our studied society. Since the study was a questionnaire-based screening study, definite diagnosis should be obtained exclusively on the basis of psychiatric interview. However, the obtained results indicate the significance if timely diagnosis of the disorder and informing the parents and teachers.

Background & Objectives: Pharyngitis and rheumatic fever due to beta hemolytic group A streptococci are among the chief health problems. Since the carriers play a major role in spread of infection within the family and school, and regarding the drug resistance, this study was carried out in order to determine the relative prevalence of pharyngeal colonization of group A streptococci among elementary school children and to investigate its drug resistance in Zahedan in 2002. Materials & Methods: Pharyngeal samples of 555 healthy female and male students (non - symptomatic) were collected by sterile swab through stratified cluster sampling in winter. The specimens were then cultured in blood agar media and the isolated bacteria were tested for drug susceptibility. The results were analysed through χ2 test. Results: Prevalence of pharyngeal beta hemolytic streptococcoi was determined to be 10.1% (56 people). Colonization rates were 10.17% and 15.1% in girls and boys respectively. Although infection rate varied in different school grades (grade one: 16.3%, grade two: 7.2% , grade three: 10% , grade four 6.3% and grade five 10.8%), χ2 test did not show any significant difference. All isolated strains were susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and cefexime. Conclusion: The results suggest that more care be taken for children health issues and preventive and control measures be planned regarding the disease and complications of beta hemolytic group A streptococci.