Studies in Medical Sciences
Year:2014 | Volume:25 | Issue:3|Papers Count:16

Background & Aims: Social anxiety disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the students' population. This disorder has some negative effects on scientific performance during education and on job performance in the future. In line with this, mental health specialists suggested different procedures to the treatment of social anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Group Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (GCBT) and Group Training of Social Skills on reducing social anxiety in the students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (Iran).Materials & Methods: This experimental research involved both pretest-posttest group design with control group. The population of this study included all BA students of Shahid Chamran University that 10 percent of these students were selected by cluster sampling. From this sample 45 students that achieved high scores in social anxiety scale were randomly assigned to experimental groups (15 subjects in GCBT and 15 subjects in group training of social skills) and control group (15 subjects).The gathered data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Sheffe following test.Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between group CBT and group training of social skills. Moreover, significant difference existed between training of social skills and control group. But, there was not any difference between the Training of Social Skills and CBT.Conclusion: The group CBT and group training of social skills had efficacy on social anxiety in students. Since social anxiety intensifies and prone to other mental disorders and also due to its negative effect on academic performance of students in university's environment as well as future work environment, we can take some useful steps using these training to advance educational and occupational goals and also to establish effective relationships and more success.

Background & Aims: Schizophrenia is one of the commonest disorders in the world. In spite of medical treatments, it is better to focus on the Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy to reach the pleasant effects; these treatments are known treatments on the patient positive signs.Materials & Methods: This study is semi-experimental, and the research plan, pretest, and posttest are used to the control groups. The society of the study includes all women and men who have schizophrenia in the Farabi hospital in Kermanshah. They are chosen intentionally including 30 persons, they are divided into two equal groups n=15 experiment, n=15 control. Both groups were testified by SAPS pretest, then the experience group participated in two sessions of classes in the light of the cognitive behavioral treatment. The data was analyzed by statistical method (ANCOVA).Results: After passing the twelve sessions, the experience group showed significantly positive signs compared with the control group (P<0.00).Conclusion: Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy proved to influence treatment in decreasing positive signs of schizophrenia.

Background & Aims: Different hormonal responses may appear in severe head injured patients. These changes can also be seen in recovery and rehabilitation periods, so influencing the patients, outcome.This study compared changes in thyroid hormones in patients undergoing craniotomy have been due to a severe head injury with craniotomy patients have not been done.Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 59 patients following severe brain injury (GCS£8) were admitted to Ahwaz Golestan Hospital neurosurgery service and were studied regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were divided into two groups of 27 patients. The first group patients who had focal lesions underwent brain surgery craniotomy. First test was taken 24 hours and second sample was taken after day 5. The serum sample was tested using ELISA and human fully automatic machines. The data were analyzed with SPSS software and using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient (P<0.05).Results: The mean serum T3 and TSH levels in patients with severe head trauma craniotomy showed statistically no significant differences compared with patients who had no craniotomy. And there was no connection between relief and serum levels of these variables. There were relationships between healing and T4 levels in both groups of patients.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that craniotomy surgery was effective in improving patients with severe head trauma and hormone thyroxine (T4) was used as a prognostic factor in these patients.

Background & Aims: Fluoride is an important mineral in the prevention of dental caries (decay). Most parts of received fluoride of human body are obtained by drinking. In this research, the relationship between fluoride sources of drinking water and DMFT index of West Azerbaijan's Piranshahr and Poldasht guidance schools were studied.Materials & Methods: In a cross-sectional study using a random sample, DMFT index according to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 145 patients of Piranshahr schools (75 male, 70 female) and 130 guidance school students of Poldasht town (65 boys and 65 girls) who were from birth until they all lived in the same area, were examined with mirror and explorer in natural light. For data collection, a questionnaire containing demographic data and severity of fluorosis were classified according to Dean collection. Piranshahr and Poldasht amount of fluoride in drinking water was obtained from Water and Sewage Companies of the cities. In order to investigate the relationship between the fluoride concentration of drinking water and DMFT index in these schools students, linear regression test was used.Results: The average concentration of fluoride in drinking water sources in Piranshahr was obtained 1 milligram per liter (at least 0.015 and maximum value was 0.185 milligrams per liter) while this value for Poldasht town was obtained about 2.35 milligram per liter (at least 1.36 and maximum 4 mg/l).The results of this study showed a weak relationship between fluoride concentrations and DMFT index in Piranshahr students (correlation coefficient of less than 0.035), while this value for Poldasht students was found higher (correlation coefficient 0.575).Conclu sion: The results of this research show that, there isn't any meaningful relation between fluoride concentration of drinking water sources and DMFT index in studied students. Dental decays in these regions can be caused by other factors such as: oral and dental health, using mouthwash and also lifestyle that should be studied.

Background & Aims: The Whipple procedure has been with high rates of mortality which maid surgeons to use various methods to anastomose pancreas to jejunum. In this survey we compared the Whipple procedure by method of mucosectomy anastomosis of pancreas to jejunum with conversional methods.Materials & Methods: During 18 months, 20 patient with head of pancreas cancer divided randomly in two groups of 10 persons, one group went under method of mucosectomy anastomosis of pancreas to jejunum (group 1) and the other, classic method (group 2), and were compared with rates of anastomosis leak and other complications by T-Test and Chi-Square in the program of SPSS 16.Results: Mortality rates in group two with classic Whipple procedure had been two times higher than mucosectomy method and anastomosis leak has been seen in 20% of patient with classic method which hasn't seen in mucosectomy method. Although this differences hadn't been significant (P>0.05).The length of surgery time had been significantly shorter in mucosectomy method.Conclusion: According to lower rates of morbidity and mortality and shorter length of surgery time, the mucosectomy anastomosis of pancreas to jejunum can be use as a safe method, although further surveys with higher number of samples seems necessary.

Background & Aims: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections in children. Vesico ureteral reflux (VUR) is a major risk factor for recurrent UTIs which can result in renal scarring. The diagnostic tests that are being used to detect VUR include voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and direct radionuclide cystography (DRC). The sensitivity of each modality is controversial. In this study we attempt to identify the Role of DRC in detecting possible VUR in a patient without VUR in VCUG and Vice Versa.Materials & Methods: In this analytical study we included 60 patients (120 kidney units) With recurrent urinary tract infection referred to nephrology clinic at Shahid Motaharis children hospital. In the first step 34 children (68 kidney units) without VUR in VCUG underwent DRC and 26 patients (52 kidney units) who had negative results for VUR in DRC underwent VCUG image. Eventually, all patients underwent DMSA Imaging to detect renal scars and the results were analyzed using statistic tools.Results: Study unite consists of 60 children with boys equaling to 13 (21.7%) and girls 47 (84.3%) with average age of 4.7 years. DRC study applied for those with negative Result of VCUG Imaging in 68 kidney unites which detected 37 (54.5%) new unidentified VUR cases meanwhile, VCUG study Just detected 7 (13.5%) neglected VUR with DRC study.According to the significant statistic difference between two modalities one can deduce that DRC has higher Diagnostic value in detecting missed VUR.70 unites out of total 120 kidney unites had scars in kidney which equals to 58.5%, of which 43 unites (61.5%) were positive for VUR.The Results implies a very significant relationship between having scar in DMSA studies and having VUR.Conclusion: It can be deduced that having repeated tests of DRC or VCUG can detect missed VUR in Patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. Furthermore, DRC study is more valuable than VCUG and in the case of having significant scars on DMSA having repeated tests of cystography can boost detecting missed VUR.

Background & Aims: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women. A few articles describe a marked decrease in the levels of ferroportin in breast cancer cells.The presented results demonstrate convincingly the incredible diagnostic and prognostic value of ferroportin expression in breast cancer and suggest that determination of this molecular marker maybe used as guidance toward individualized therapy for breast cancer patients. So we have evaluated the ferroportin expression in breast cancer samples in Iranian patients and also as a side goal probable correlation between prognostic factors and this marker.Materials & Methods: This was a cross sectional study that was done in 2012 in Rasoole Akram and Atieh Hospitals. Ferroportin expression was measured in 100 breast cancer tissue samples by antiferroportin antibody Immunohistochemistry method. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Her2neu, Ki67 index, lymph node metastasis, microscopic grade, histological type, age, size, and molecular subtypes and their relation with ferroportin were also evaluated in the patient's paraffin embedded block samples.Results: The mean of patients'age was 12.3±53.3 years. Ferroportin expression was positive in 28 (28%) and negative in 72 (72%) of the patients. There were statistic relationships between Ferroportin expressions and positive estrogen receptor, positive progesterone receptor, negative Her2neu and basal like molecular subtype.Conclusion: Incidence of expression of ferroportin has decreased in most breast cancer samples and also has a significant relation with prognostic factors including, ER, PR, Her2neu, and basal like molecular subtype. These findings make a hypothesis that Ferroportin expression may be a prognostic factor in breast cancer progression and prognosis. More future studies are necessary for final judgments.

Background & Aims: the purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the quality of mother-child interaction, separation anxiety and school phobia in 11 and 12 year-old children and their mothers.Materials & Methods: the study is conducted on 200 girls, 200 boys who were student in sari in 90-91 school year and 400 mothers who were selected by multi-stage random sampling method.the schools were selected of two sites 1 and 2. To evaluate,Robert ross mother-child relationship assessment questionnaire and bimaher child anxiety questionnaire (both forms, mother and child) were used. We used correlation.Results: Using multiple regression analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the Indulgence and overprotection with separation anxiety disorder, and school phobia.Conclusions: Altogether, these results have theoretical and practical implications in the field of child psychopathology and suggest that the quality of mother- child interaction as predisposing factor has an important potential role in the shaping of separation anxiety and school phobia in children.

Background & Aims: Drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is used to assess how a drug is prescribed and administered. We studied the use of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) which is widely used in cardiovascular patients as prophylactic or curative treatment.Materials & Methods: In a retrospective study, medical records of 322 patients admitted to the hospital for nine consecutive months starting from July 2012 who had received enoxaparin were reviewed. Purpose of administration and dosage were recorded and compared with published guidelines for enoxaparin administration.Results: The mean patient age was 61.15±13.19.88 patients (27.3%) received enoxaparin for prophylactic and 234 patients (72.7%) received it as curative treatment. Prophylactic dose in 18 patients (20.45%) was according to published guidelines and in 70 patients (79.55%) more than recommended dose. In those patients who had received enoxaparin as curative treatment, in 134 patients (57.27%) it was in accordance with the recommended dose. in 95 patients (40.6%) it was less and in 5 patients (2.13%) was more than recommended dose. In three patients who had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 30 ml/min, two patients received more and one patient received less than appropriate dose.Conclusion: The results indicate that in a large percentage of patients administered dose of enoxaparin as prophylactic use was more than guideline’s recommendations and conversely administrated dose for curative treatment was less than recommended dose.

Purpose: Osteoarthritis is common in elderly people of the world, which is due to cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation in the joint and which induce chronic pain and disability. The PRP due to its high level of growth factors can help the repair process of the diseased joints. In this study the autogenous PRP have been used for treatment of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the rabbits.Material and Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced in the rabbits left knee by resection of the anterior cruciate ligament under general anesthesia. Eight weeks post operation and development of osteoarthritis signs, 0.5 ml PRP was injected into the diseased joint in the rabbits of the test group. The control group did not receive any treatment. The rabbits were euthanized and histopathologic samples were collected at 8, 12 and 16 weeks post operation.Results: The histopathologic study in the control group showed, least live cells, worst cellular arrangements and least articular cartilage stainable matrix showing advanced osteoarthritis. But in the group received the PRP there was no sign of osteoarthritis.Conclusion: The authogenous PRP due to its high level of growth factors is an effective source for treatment of osteoarthritis.

Background & Aims: The present research was conducted to study the effect of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on Behavioral Problems of disobedient students.Materials & Methods: This research was experimental, and a pre-test, post-test, follow-up with control group design were applied. By using multistage sampling, 30 third-grade students who met DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. SNAP-IV Rating Scale (Teacher Form) was used to measure of behavior problems of children's and was completed by their teachers. Then, the experimental group received play therapy for 10 one-hour sessions. For statistical data analysis, covariance analysis is used.Results: Results indicated that there is a meaningful difference between the rate of behavioral problems of students in both control and experimental group in post-test and follow up stage (p£0.001).Conclusion: Results of this research shows that cognitive-behavioral play therapy have an effect on reducing symptoms of behavioral problems in disobedient students and can be used as an effective intervention to eliminate or decrease these problems.