WOMENS STUDIES
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:7

The presence of women in the labor market varies according to the environmental, economic, social, cultural and political conditions in each country, and it depends on a variety of factors such as women's participation, government size and policies, distribution of household income and expenditures, unemployment, family living conditions, level of literacy and other cultural and social factors. The present study seeks to rank the barriers of entrepreneurship development of Baluch women in Saravan County in Sistan and Baluchistan province through using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). This research is a descriptive-analytic study carried out in 2017. The results show that among the barriers to Baluch women's entrepreneurship in Saravan County, personality-cultural barriers are the most effective obstacles to women's entrepreneurship development, and economic barriers, supportive barriers, educational barriers and infrastructural barriers are in the next priorities respectively. The results also show that personality and cultural barriers are the main obstacle for women in the county and cultural limitations in the region such as prejudice and discrimination have the highest priority.

In recent years, divorce has grown in the IRAN. In such a way, there is a divorce compare to every three Marriage. Considering the importance of this social problem and its negative effects in society, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting on divorce with emphasis on economic factors in Iranian provinces during the period of 1385-1395. According to the results, the economic factors modeled in this study could explain the divorce in IRAN. According to research findings, rising inflation in the housing sector, male unemployment, and female university education rates, and income inequality have led to an increase in divorce rates. On the other hand, increasing the welfare and men employment, even sub employment, reduce the divorce rate in society. According to the results of the research, economic policy should manage the following three important factors for controlling the divorce rate, inflation, employment, economic and social justice.

Kurdish women are more active in social spheres than Arab women. Despite the fact of being freely present in society, the number of Kurdish women in senior management positions in organizations and society are very low. The purpose of this research which used classic grounded theory was to design a model for women's achievement of leadership positions in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Theoretical sampling has been used to reach the participants and meeting theoretical saturation. Sixteen women participated in this study have high-level managerial and leadership positions in Iraqi Kurdistan region. The seven categories of research are: patriarchal norms with religious cover and Kurdish tribal culture, oil Dutch disease in the Iraqi Kurdish region, the negative characteristics of women in Kurdistan, having the support of prominent families and influential members of the tribe and the party, facilitators for achieving Leadership, having mentor and coach, and leadership traits. Based on these categories, a model is presented. The main finding of this study is that women need a strong and influential family to reach leadership positions. In addition, they must have some leadership traits, role model and mentor. Also, facilitating factors such as the quota, ease women's achievement of leadership.

The purpose of this study was to predict body-image dissatisfaction of female students based on personality factors with mediating role of Instagram activity and appearance-based comparisons on Instagram. The research was a correlational study in terms of the method and research sample consisted of 301 female students selected by multistage-cluster sampling from 3rd and 4th year students of Kazerun universities, who responded to the Body Image Concern Inventory, the short form of the Goldberg Personality Questionnaire, the scale of activity on Instagram and the researcher-made questionnaire for appearance-based comparisons. Data have been analyzed using the Structural Equation Model in AMOS22 software. The findings showed that among five personality traits, only neuroticism predicted body image dissatisfaction directly and indirectly, by mediating the level of activity on Instagram and appearance-based comparisons. Thus, it can be said that the female student's neuroticism, while directly increasing their body image dissatisfaction, increases their activity on the Instagram, and, consequently, the increase in their appearance-based comparisons increases their body image dissatisfaction. Due to the great interest of the young Iranian community to the Instagram in recent years, this finding should be taken into consideration by the families, education officials of the country as well as women's activists.

Understanding Phenomenological experiences of women who have dependent husbands can provide the information for better intervention in reducing marital Maladjustment. In this regard, this study designed to explore Phenomenological experiences of women with dependent husbands focused on marital Maladjustment. This research was a phenomenological study based on participation of 18 women from Isfahan who selected by purposeful sampling. For gathering the data, deep interviews and for analyzing the data Colouzi encoding were used. Phenomenological experiences of women were categorized in 3 main themes and 10 subthemes including: 1-psychological abuse (jealousy and distrust, uncontrolled emotional reactions, confirmation seeking, monopolization, fulfilling the responsibilities of husband, continuous use of inefficient strategies), 2-bearing the sexual stress (bearing psychological pressure for initiating sex, repeated husband's seduction for initiating sex, stress in sexual relation), and 3-physical violence (physical violence against wife, self-injury, and physical maltreatment against children). According to the results of this research, women with dependent husbands are at the risk of psychosocial, physical and sexual abuse by their spouses. The results can be useful for identifying and assessments of dangerous circumstances, determine therapeutic aims, and management of the injuries in women with dependent husbands.

Today, women’ s empowerment is one of the most important challenges and concerns of the 21st century. Empowerment of women is fundamentally the process of upliftment of cultural, economic, social and political status of women, especially women who suffer from deprivation in the society. The study population consist of rural women of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. According to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 384 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. Reliability and validity of the instrument was evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts and key informants before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument for scales based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (in the range of 0. 72 to 0. 94) shows acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as women position in the family, social participation and social protection with the dependent variable of women’ s empowerment and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural barriers with the dependent variable of women’ s empowerment. The results of structural Equation model specified that self-esteem and self-efficacy variables had a mediation role on the relationship between socio-cultural factors and women’ s empowerment.