MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2002 | Volume:6 | Issue:2(Tome 25)|Papers Count:9

The poorest segments ofthe worlds population are located in the rural areas of the developing countries, often with little or no agricultural land. While wage labour in the agricultural sector may provide subsistence employment, the majority of the rural poor will have to depend on non - farm employment. Rural industrialization is widely recognize as a dynamic force of development. Employment generation, income distribution, diversify the rural economy and narrow down spatial inequity in socio - economic development have traditionaly been considered as prim objectives of rural industrialization. This article is an attempt to show, can industrialization be best adapted for the development of the rural areas in developing counteries? We discuss how developing countries have faired in two last decade or so in promoting rural industrialization as a means to improve the living conditions of the people in their rural regions. We have analysed different approaches to rural industrialization and its impacts in developing countries. The consequences of research show that the rural industrialization as a part of rural integrated development approach could achieve the most important goals of development in rural areas. Rural industrialization has alleviated rural poverty through the employment generation.

Nowadays, rural tourism is considered as a main section in economical activities. There are different approaches to this important economical activity. Some recognize it as a segment of tourism market and some believe it as a rural development policy. The question is that what is the role of rural tourism in rural development and sustainable rural development. In the last decade of twentieth century, most of the social and economic planners in European countries introduce tourism industry as the most certain pattern with clear landscape for rural development, especially those deprived villages. The performed studies in France, Austria, Switzerland, England, Ireland, Thailand and Japan show fast rural tourism development in rural economy and complemented agricultural activities. The main nature ohourism industry is creating employment, increasing income, divesifying economic, social contribution and using local resources. Since what caused poverty and underdevelopment of the rural societies is the-lack Qf tourism industry in these societies, which by solving the above mentioned problems can cause rural development.

Literature on migration from rural to urban areas has much increased over the last few decades, sharing a wide range of concerns over various social and economic problems associated with migration. But despite this burgeoning literature, it should be pointed out that terminology in the field of rural to urban migration is not yet well standardised. The defmition of rural migration depends on several aspects and charactrestics of population. The theoretical model presented in this research demonstrates that a move is a rural migration when the villager leaves one housing and labor market to relocate in another. Almost everywhere, rural migration concentrates extremely havily on villagers age 15-30. In this research we examined the role of economic and noneconomic motivation on the rural youth migration. In fact the chief objectives of this research have been to contribute to the understanding of the process of youth migration from rural to urban areas. Empirical analysis show that although economic motivations are important in rural youth migration, noneconomic factors also have direct effects on subsequent moving behavior. For example, local amenities, residential satisfaction, social welfare, standard of living, need of achivenment, better life and valued goals significantly increased motivation for rural youth migration.

In this study frequency, intensity and durability periods of drought in Ilam province during 1972-1998 were evalvated by classification of standard data of annual and seasonal precipitations. The results of the study show that during the statistical period, the possibility of annual and seasonal droughts different areas of the province was very high ability to event in term of annual drought severity, moderate drought and in term of duration, one year period have the most ferquency. Among the seasons, drought severty of spring has been more than other seasons. The distribution comparison of seasonal rainfall and the yield rate of dryland wheat in the recent droughts (1998-2000) show that the unsuitable distribution of precipitation during the seasons and also decrease of the annual precipitation have caused the intensive decrease of yeild rate of dryland wheat so that the yeild rate of wheat in 1998-2000 in comparison to wet years (1997-1998)has decreased 68.9% and 69.4% and in comparison to period has decreased 49.2% and 50.2% respectively. Correlation coefficient between distribution of seasonal precipitation (independent variable) and yield of wheat (dependent variable) shows that the most correlation in warm areas of the province is in autumn and winter, and in cold area of province is in spring and autumn.

Variance of rainfed crops yield in different years is one of the main problems of world agriculture, specially in arid regions. There are two major groups of factors that might affect the development of agriculture.The first group are factors that are either constant in time or can be controlled with modifing methods and technologies. The second group are unsustainable factors related to microclimate of each region (such as the rate of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, etc.) which we can not.have any control on them; because climate modifing based on optimum need of any crop is possible only in Greenhouse conditions and in small scale, Therefore, recognizing the climatic parameters that influence crop yield is very important. By taking these factors into account, models can be prepared for forcasting the productivity and necessary plans can be made for providing the necessary crops in case of any shortage or saving them in stocks in case that there are morethan enough. In this research, the effective climatic parameters in the productivity of rainfed wheat in west Azarbaijan province has been studied, and the relation of crop yield and climatic parameters has been investigated by making different multiple regression models. Finally, some modells has been presented for forcasting the rainfed wheat productivity in west Azarbaijan province. Result of this study show annaully rainfall total and annaully fiost days average parameters have the more important role in the produce of fmd model.

Site-selection for schools in large cities such as Tehran is a complicated problem. A multiplicity of effective factors in locating schools and increase of urban living problems in large cities manifests the necessity of the use of effective, advanced, and computerized methods for this purpose. The main objectives of this research to evaluate the patter;nof spatial distribution of primary schools and to identify the bereaved zones of primary school and to them in the region 6 ofTehran. Attribute data were collected and stored using the available documents, and local data were collected and digitized using linear and digitizing maps in several layers. For each layer buffers were specified, then by giving weights for each buffer zone and their combination, spatial positions of the existing schools were analyzed. Finally, the optimum sites for establishment of new schools were proposed. Results of this research showed that the majority of educational buildings of primary schools are not located in suitable sites, and their sites do not conform with site-selection standards. The results of this research also showed that the use of GIS can be very useful for ananlysisand selection of schools sites.

The reason of existence of any country is a very sensitive and revived concept in the political geography. In spite of a grave theoretical background of this subject which most probably has been started from F. Ratzel, this concept, as far as the case studies are concern, is very weak and unreliable. In order to enrich this concept in having sufficient case studies, in this research the basic root of the creation and national survival of Iran government - country is investigated. The foundation of this library research project is to respond to the following questions. What have been the origin and essential reasons for the existence of new Iran government after five centuries and especially what is the raison for its continuity despite the different threats.

The studies that was accomplished on 200 Sudanean rainy systems during the period of 20 years (1969-1989) showed that according to the synoptical patterns, Sudanean systems are arrived to Iran from five important directions and they cause rainfall. The two first directions are arrived in a compo way with Mediterranean cyclones and the three other directions are arrived independently. In the first direction, Sudanean systems compound with Mediterranean cyclones over Cyprus and east of Mediterranean and then move to the west side. In the second direction, Sudanean and Mediterranean systems over Eraq compound together and then they influence Iran from west and south west. In the three remainder directions in which Sudanean systems act independently, in the A direction, the Sudanean systems enter to Iran form the north of Arabiean Peninsula, Kuwit and. Khoozestan. In the B direction, the systems influence Iran fron the north of Arabiean Peninsula and Boshear county. In the C directions, Sudanean systems are arrived to Iran form the center of Arabiean Peninsula and Hormozgan county.