JOURNAL OF BABOL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (JBUMS)
Year:2004 | Volume:6 | Issue:3 (Special Issue)|Papers Count:14

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Control of stress in children during dental procedures is one of the first and the most important factors in successful treatment. The aim of this study was to determine stress and effective factors in children referred to pedodontics department of Babol dental faculty. METHODS: This cross- sectional, descriptive and analytical study was performed on children aged between 6-12 years who referred to pedodontics department during 2002. Data were collected by the use of CFSS- DS questionnaire evaluated for validity and reliability via pilot study (0.9 and 0.85, respectively). Data were analyzed by the use of SPSS software. FINDINGS: Among children, 55 were male (52.4%) and 50 were female (47.6%). The mean stress score among children was 25.4±12.9. No significant correlation was found between stress and background factors such as age, sex, parent educational status and job, history of referring to dentist, number of children in a family, birth order and parents stress score. In this study, 14 children (13.33%) had stress score more than 38, which mean that they had stress. CONCLUSION: The mean stress score and frequency of children with stress were less than other studies. Also, by increasing the age up to 11 years, the stress score had reduced in which could be due to psychologic growth and increased comprehension in children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: One of the dento alveolar abnormalities is class III malocculsion with maxillary deficiency. Correction of this malocclusion in growth ages using orthopedic appliances to avoid further extensive surgical treatment and improvement in soft tissue profile will help to reach beauty. The objective of this study was to survey changes in soft tissue profile following tongue guard in class III patients with maxillary deficiency. METHODS: In this experimental study, 20 class III patients (4 males and 16 females) with maxillary deficiency and reserve overjet with mean age of 7.5 years old referring to orthodontic department of Babol dental school in the year 2000 were treated by tongue guard at least for 6 months. Two lateral cephalometry were obtained before and after treatment for each patient and after tracing results were compared. FINDINGS: After cephalometric analyzing and comparison between before and after tracing, an obvious increase was found in forward movement of subnasal soft tissue (3.59 mm), superior labial salcus (3.12 mm), incisal edge of centrals (3.38mm), upper lip prominence (4.53 mm). Lower lip prominence (1.05 mm), inferior labial sulcus (1.47 mm) and the most anterior point of chin (1.56 mm) move anteriorly to some extent. Vertical distance of subnasal soft tissue (2.03 mm), superior labial sulcus (2.22 mm), upper lip prominence (2.65 mm), inferior labial sulcus (3.41mm), the most prominent point of chin (2.59mm) and incisal edge (3.47mm) have increased significantly. Nasolabial angle (-1.440), mentolabial angle (1.820) and soft tissue convexity angle (-2.360) have decreased. Upper lip thickness decreased. Distance between upper lip and esthetic line decreased and distance between lower lip and E-line increased. CONCLUSION: Due to results of our study in class III patients with maxillary deficiency treated by tongue guard because of change in position of inferior hard tissue and teeth. We can expect an improvement in soft tissue profile due to movement of mid third of face forwardly and downward and backward rotation of mandible.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Various NSAIDs compounds have different analgesic effects. So, the aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of acetaminophen and ibuprofen in pain after extraction of mandibular first molars. METHODS: This experimental double blind study was done on 60 patients (26 females and 34 males). Mandibular first molar of each patient was extracted in the equal situation. In order to pain control after extraction, 30 patients received acetaminophen (325 mg) and 30 patients received ibuprofen (400 mg). Pain scores were recorded by all patients in the first, second and third day of drug (painless= 0, mild pain= 1, moderate pain= 2, severe pain= 3, very severe pain= 4). Side effects of drugs were recorded by all patients. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. FINDINGS: Ibuprofen had more analgesic effect than acetaminophen on the first and second days. But, there was no significant difference in effect of two drugs on the third day. There was no significant difference between analgesic effects of two drugs and also there was no association between gender and analgesic effect of these two drugs. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained data, acetaminophen and ibuprofen have the same analgesic effect on the pain after tooth extraction.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The first permanent molars are the first teeth that often appear in the oral cavity. Because of special anatomic form and being posterior portion of the oral cavity which not easy to access in order to doing oral hygiene, these teeth decay rapidly. Since, this tooth has important role in the function and occlusion, this study was performed to determine situation of these teeth and a good method for the caries prevention. METHODS: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 625 students (6 to 11 years) of Ghaemshar elementary school. The sampling was as multi-step cluster. In the first step selected a few cluster, then from each cluster selected some children, randomly. The related form of each student was completed only by probe, mirror, natural light and light. The data were analyzed by x2 tests.FINDINGS: From 2500 first permanent molar teeth, 1124 (45.1%) were decayed (300 (45.5%) girls and 325 (44.8%) boys). Forty six (1.9%) of teeth were extracted, 27 (1.1%) were filled and 135 (51.9%) were health. 54.8% of decayed first permanent molars are in the mandible that in the left side was more than the right. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, prevalence of caries in children increases as their growing up. The most decayed teeth were seen on the left of lower jaw.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to increasing of child and youth patients that require orthodontic treatment procedures, finding the person with normal occlusion and cephalometric analysis can be valuable. The aim of this study was to investigate the indicators and cephalometric parameters of Babol youths with normal occlusion. METHODS: In this analytical and cross-sectional study, 34 male students between 12-18 years with mean age of 15 and with CLI connection, suitable overjet and overbite, without crowding and spacing and suitable profile were selected among 1200 students of Babol. After taking their parents consent, lateral cephalometry from them was performed in similar condition. After necessary analyses (Down, Tweed and Steiner), they were compared with Caucasian race patterns. FINDINGS: After tracing and cephalometric analysis of each sample, these findings were obtained totally: facial plane angle 82.41°, angle of convexity 4.7°, A-B plane to N-pog - 4.67°, mandibullar plane to Frankfort (FMA) 28.06°, y-axis to Frankfort 65.50°, occlusal plane to Frankfort 12.60°, interincisal angle 124.74°, lower incisor to occlusal plane 25.66°, lower incisor to mandibular plane (IMPA) 100.69°, lower incisor to Frankfort (FMIA) 51.89°, lower incisor to mandibular plane (Tweed analysis) 100.69°, SNA 80.63°, SNB 77.93°, ANB 2.71°, mandibular plane to SN 31.97°, occlusal plane to SN 16.81°, upper incisor to N-A 22.82°, lower incisor to NB 30.44°, upper incisor to AP 8.53 mm , upper incisor to NA 7 mm , lower incisor to NB 7.13 mm.CONCLUSION: According to the results, facial and interincisal angle compared to white European race samples had lower average. But, angle of convexity, FMA, y-axis and occlusal plane to Frankfort angle, lower incisor to occlusal plane angle, IMPA, lower incisor to NB angle, lower incisor to NB (mm) were higher while angles of AB to N-pog, SNA, SNB, ANB, mandibular plane to SN, occlusal plane to SN, upper incisor to NB (mm), do not show considerable difference with white race in this study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Missed canals are one of the main reasons of root canal treatment failure of mandibular premolars. The dentist must have a thorough knowledge of the morphology of the root canal before he/she can successfully treat a tooth endodontically. The aim of this study was to describe the internal anatomy of the mandibular premolars in order to reduce the rate of failures in endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars.METHODS: In this In- vitro study, 200 extracted human mandibular first and second premolars were collected. The teeth were decalcified; canals were cleared and colored by hematoxylin in order to determine the number of root type of canals according to Vertuccis classification. FINDINGS: The mandibular first premolar had one canal at apex in 88% of the teeth examined (type I: 86%, type II: 2%, type III: 0%) and two canals at apex in 12% of the teeth examined (type IV: 3%, type V: 8%, type VI: 1%, type VII: 0%). The madibular second premolar had one canal at apex in 92% of the teeth examined (type I: 90%, type II:2%, type III: 0%) and two canals at apex in 8% of the teeth examined ( type IV: 5%, type V: 2%, type VI:1%, type VII: 0%). CONCLUSION: According to high prevalence of two canals in our study, it is necessary to look for an extra canal during the access cavity preparation both directly and by using radiographs at two different angles.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Commonly, dentists and the other members of dental personnel are at high risk of infection transmission because of the exposure to the patient s blood and saliva. Therefore, it is necessary for dentists to know about infection control methods. Sterilization and disinfection are important parts of infection control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of the dentists about the sterilization and disinfection in Sari. METHODS: This cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study was performed on 62 general dental practitioners and specialists in Sari in 2003. A questionnaire about the sterilization and disinfection prepared and completed by dentists. From 62 dentists, 44 (71%) were men and 18 (29%) were women. Nine dental specialists (14.5%) and 53 general dental practitioners (85.5%) responded to the questions. Then data analyzed by T-test and Pearson correlation and p<0.05 was considered significant. FINDINGS: The mean of knowledge was 11.8 from 20 points. The knowledge of the women (12.3) was more than men (11.6). The mean of knowledge in dentists with 5 years duration of service or less was more than the other groups. The knowledge of dentists who educated in the great universities (Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Mashhad, Shiraz, Isfahan) was less than the other universities in Iran. Finally, mean of knowledge had been 15 for the dental specialist and 11.3 for the general dental practitioners (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: According to the importance of the subject, the results showed that the knowledge of dentists about sterilization and disinfection is not at the favorable level.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are several factors such as cigarette smoking, which has a role in etiology of periodontitis. Smoking has an effect on initiation, duration and severity of this disease. Therefore, it can be effective on results of periodontal therapy. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the smoking on changes of periodontal indices before and after periodontal therapy. METHODS: This semi- experimental study was done on 30 patients with moderate periodontitis who referred to periodontal department of Babol faculty of dentistry. The mean age of patients was 33 years. The patients had no systemic disease with ≥4 mm, probing pocket depth. GI (gingival index), PI (plaque index), BI (bleeding index) and PPD (probing pocket depth) were measured two times, first time before treatment and second time 20 days after complete scaling and root planning. FINDINGS: There is not significant difference between two groups in GI, BI, PI and PPD before treatment but after that is a greater reduction of PPD (2.5±0.1) in non-smokers (2.7±0.1) (p=0.039). Also, non-smokers showed lower GI, BI, and PI level but this change is not significant in PI. CONCLUSION: Scaling and root planning were effective on reduction of periodontal indices (GI, PI, BI, PPD) but this reduction in smokers is slower than non-smokers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The high prevalence of oral diseases and complexities existing in their treatment has been resulted in great emphasis on prevention measures. The purpose of this study was to assess the oral hygiene attitude, knowledge and practice in Babol community.METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 400 people aged between 20-40 years old who chosen randomly from 10 urban clusters of Babol in 2002-2003. The questionnaires were organized in relation to attitude and knowledge, practice and then the data after scoring were analyzed. FINDINGS: Among subjects, 181 were female and 219 were male. Mean attitude and knowledge score was 8.9± 3.7 (Max Att=20). The level of attitude and knowledge score was achieved higher in educated (p=0.0001) and younger (p=0.029) people. Mean practice score was 3.5±0.6 (Max Beh=10). The level of practice score was achieved higher in educated and younger people (p=0.0001, p=0.04, respectively). Also, the level of practice was achieved higher in women (p=0.005) and finally single people had higher attitude and knowledge (p=0.014) and practice than married ones.CONCLUSION: With respect to unfavorite status of attitude, knowledge and practice regarding oral health, introduction of preventive dental services and establishment of community based on oral health promotion programs are urgently needed for these population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: One of the main reasons of root canal failure is missed canals. Maxillary first molar is one of the most investigated tooth for extra canals. The most considerable aspect in this tooth is the existence of extra canals and multiple roots. CASE: A 16 year old male patient was referred for the root canal treatment of maxillary left molar due to caries. The diagnostic radiograph revealed four separate roots. The patient had gone under antibiotic therapy for the tooth's abscess, because of loss of persistent infection, root canal therapy was performed. CONCLUSION: Report of rare cases can motivate dentist to consider the rarities during root canal treatments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gingivitis is the most common type of periodontal diseases, established by local factors such as bacterial plaque and recovers by mechanical and chemical plaque control thoroughly. Using Persica mouthwash containing extract of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) is one of the chemical plaque control methods accomplished in this study on gingivitis involved patients.METHODS: This experimental study was performed on 60 patients with moderate gingivitis. Patients were divided into two equal groups (case and control groups). Both groups were trained oral health education. The case group was also asked to rinse their mouth with Persica mouthwash. Gingival index, plaque index, bleeding index and probing pocket depth were measured at baseline, two and five weeks after beginning of the study. Data were analyzed by paired T- test and repeated measurement and p<0.05 was considered significant. FINDINGS: Gingival index, plaque index and bleeding index in case group was significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). Gingival index reduced 52% in case group and 9% in control group and plaque index reduced 47% in case group and 11% in control group and bleeding index reduced 56% in case group and 9.5% in control group. The pocket depth reducing percentage in case group (7.3%) was also higher than the control group (0.9%) five weeks after beginning the study.CONCLUSION: According to the results of Persica mouthwash in case group and its effect on reducing periodontal indices without any reported side effects, using this mouthwash in gingivitis involved patients is recommended.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In recent years, using of local antibiotic as an adjunctive treatment in periodontitis has been considered. The aim of this study was to survey the local effects of doxycycline with scaling/ root planning in treatment of adult periodontitis. METHODS: This experimental study was accomplished on five patients with adult periodontitis. The patients were chosen with at least three pockets with depth of approximately ≥4 mm and bleeding in each quadrant. After initial preparation and scaling, the jaws were divided into 3 parts; upper right: receiving doxycycline gel (case group), upper left: receiving base gel (control group) and lower right: do not received any gel (Sham group). One, three and six months after beginning the study, all the indices were measured again; and finally all data were analyzed by statistical tests. FINDINGS: In this study after 6 months, reduction of pocket depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) in case, control and sham groups were difference. Mean of pocket depth in case group was reduced from 2.3±0.5 mm to 1.5±0.6 mm after three months, and 1.9±0.6 mm after six months, and in control group from 2.2±0.8 mm to 1.6±0.6 mm after three months, and 1.8±0.7 mm after six months, these differences for clinical attachment level in buccal side of the teeth in three groups were significant (p<0.05). Also, there were differences in bleeding index in three groups. As for mobility and plaque index there was not any significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Totally, the outcome of doxcycline gel and SPR treatment group was satisfied than the other groups during 6 months, although the effects were not too long.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antibacterial treatment performed by dental practitioners is important in management of odontogenic infections. Nowadays, unfortunately because of incorrect antibiotic prescribing by dental practitioners of their low knowledge in this field, resistant species of microorganisms occur. The goal of this study was to evaluate general dental practitioners (GDPs) knowledge, attitude and practice about antibacterial treatment of odontogenic infections in five cities of Mazandaran. METHODS: This KAP study was performed on 152 GDPs in five cities of Mazandaran in 2001. Data were collected by questionnaire and then analyzed with Chi-square and Kruskal Wallis statistical test. FINDINGS: Among 152 GDPs, there were 111 men (73%) and 41 women (27%). Fifty-nine GDPs had lower than 5 years of service, 47 GDPs had between 6-11 years and 43 GDPs had more than 11 years of service. The mean of knowledge was 9.9 from total 22 scores, in men it was more than women and reduced with increasing years of service. 78.9% of GDPs obtained all 2 scores of attitude and 77.3% obtained 2 and more scores of all 4 practice scores and it was not in associated with sex and years of service.CONCLUSION: Unfortunately, knowledge level of GDPs about antibacterial treatment of odontogenic infections is not satisfactory and it would be decreased after completion of their education.