JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2015 | Volume:17 | Issue:3 (66)|Papers Count:18

Introduction: The existence of random variables is the major reason for uncertainty in flood modeling. One of the major random variables that can affect the shape of flood hydrographs is storm pattern among others. Storm pattern include duration, depth and time distribution for any event producing its corresponding flood event. Therefore, uncertainty analysis of flood modeling depends on uncertainty analyses of those effective variables of storm pattern.Material and method: RPG model is introduced and it used of Monte Carlo simulation and Bootstrap Resampling to generate rainfall pattern on Seymareh catchment.Result and discussion: Result of this paper show that 90 percent of observed rainfall duration and 98 percent of observed rainfall pattern exit in generated RPG band.

Introduction and objective: Many pathogens responsible for human disease have become resistant to antibiotics and therefore finding new antibacterial agents are essential. Regarding to the fact that mangrove plant (Avicennia marina) has been used in traditional herbal medicine in south of Iran, this study has been designed to identify the antibacterial effect of extract of mature leaf and young branch of the mangrove plant.Methods: The extracts of dried leaf and branch were prepared using Soxhlet extraction method and ethyl acetate and methanol were used as solvents. Then the antibacterial effects of this plant were screened by using well agar diffusion technique against few gram positive and negative bacteria, in three different volumes of 10, 20, and 30 microliter, with concentration of 100mg/ml and the diameter of inhibitory zone was measured. Also MIC and MBC of extract of leaf and branch of mangrove plant were measured.Results: The highest inhibitory zone (28mm) with ethyl acetate extract of both branch and leaf of mangrove plant in volume of 30 ml, was in Shigella dysenteriae. Lowest MIC (0.4mg/ml), MBC (0.5mg/ml) with extracts of branch using ethyl acetate as solvent was shown for Bacillus subtilis.Conclusions: Results of this research has shown that extract from branch of mangrove plant using ethyl acetate as solvent has beneficial antibacterial effect against gram positive bacteria and it appears that plant structure of the branch has bigger active biological antimicrobial effect in compare to leaf.

Introduction: Ecological relations between foragers and their prey in two species of waders, crab plover (Dromas ardeola) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), were studied in Zohre river mudflats over 9 months between summer 2004 to winter 2005.Material & Methods: Seven line transects each with about 400 meters were detected in two sides of the river that four of which were located in the river estuary. The main food of crab plover and oystercatcher were determined via direct sighting, collection of shells scattered around nests, hunting and exploring the stomach contents Variable Circular Plot or VCP and distance to nearest neighborhood and quadrate methods were used for birds, crabs and cockles density and abundance estimation respectively. Then acquired data were analyzed by DISTANCE software.Results: This study showed that the main food of crab plover and oystercatcher are Eurycarcinus orientalis and cockles from Cardidae family (Trachycardium and Laevicardium genuses) respectively. Crab populations are generally distributed in patches and the area between patches is taken to be devoid of prey. Foragers (Crab plover) must maximize their rate of energy intake and do not spend time and energy traveling between patches whereas tide is a time limiting factor. In this study it was found that crab plover should select the patch where they obtain the highest intake rates and its population is highly correlated with crab’s populations (R2=0.875, P<0.005). But there is no significant relationship between oystercatcher population density distributions with cockles (R2=0.072, P<0.005). The results suggest that measurement of prey availability can account for prey activity patterns.

Introduction: Electrokinetic is restoration method of contaminated soils using electric field. This method is used to decontaminate of heavy metals, anions and polar organic compositions from the soil. In this study, mercury removal efficiency from the clayey soil with 2/1 weight ratio of kaolin to sand is considered using this method and then optimum removal conditions are determined. The Kaolin provides suitable conditions to evaluate the electrokinetic method efficiency due to intense absorption of pollutant and suitable simulation of the contaminated site.Materials and method: In this research, total mercury concentration of the soil was 800 mg/kg and tests duration was 32 days. Experiments were performed in two voltage gradients of 1.0 and 1.5 VDC/cm and employing 0.1 M Na-EDTA, 0.1 & 0.4 M KI solutions and distilled water as catholyte. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the best efficiency, 99.03%, was achieved when the 0.4 M KI solution was employed with the 1.0 VDC/cm voltage gradients. Then, the profiles of electrical current, pH of anode and cathode reservoirs and pH, water content and electrical conductivity of soil were plotted and were discussed.

Introduction: The present study was carried out in order to examine the impact Cadmium on amount of iron in the blood of common carp.Material and Methods: Sampling of common carp was carried out randomly from a fish culture pond in southeast of Babol by trawling. Firstly the fish were become compatible with the laboratory conditions during 48 hours and then have been influenced by different concentrations through one blank and 3 experimental groups of A (4.296 mg/l), B (7.127 mg/l) and C (8.656 mg/l). There were 12 aquariums, each including 12 pieces of fish. It was tried to apply an equal environmental condition for all of the aquariums during the experiment. Bleeding was done from the fish vein and heart after 48, 72 and 96 hours of anesthetizing. Concentrations of cadmium and iron have been determined by ICP-OES after acid digestion of blood samples by Microwave.Results and Discussion: In analyzing Cadmium, the fish average weight and length (total length) were 163.6 g, 23.6 respectively In this study it has been identified that the absorption scale of Cadmium increases as the time passes and generally it showed a significant increase (p<0.05, n=3) during the time in cadmium concentrations of blood comparing the blank sample. This has no significant trend since the blood acts as a carrier and is a junction for heavy metals such as cadmium to the target organs. Furthermore, in addition to refusal of this theory that: "concentration of lead and cadmium ions by interactions with common carp blood iron has a significant impact on iron amount in blood", there has not seen any significant relation (p<0.05, n=3) between increasing of the amount of absorbed Cadmium and blood iron changes. Therefore, it could be concluded that probably no interaction between cadmium, and blood iron happens in blood circulation and the blood iron changes during the test is probably because of some physiological changes resulting from stress in fish blood.

Introduction: Caspian basin is one of the six basins of the country due to the development of human activities over the past decades by land use plans because severe changes in land cover in this basin it can cause undesirable effects on water resources in the basin.Material and Methods: In this paper, to evaluate the effect of land use on water resources in the form of land-cover change, First, to assess the changes in land cover in the Caspian basin, And then the pressure on water resources scoring using FANP method then in the IDRISI software maps are made and in the Arc GIS maps overlay. Finally, and by Excel software Regression and correlation between changes in land cover and land use management of water resources in the Caspian basin will be determined.Results and Discussion: The results show that in the period between 2001 and 2012 Talesh sub-basin with 28.91% and Sefidrud with 8.18% had maximum and lowest land cover changes in the Caspian basin. Also final scoring of water resource management in the Caspian basin shown that Area subbasin with 0.499617 and Haraz-Ghareh Su sub-basin with 0.158627 had maximum and lowest score of water resource management in the Caspian basin. Also the results of the dependence of changes in land cover by land use management and water resources management in the Caspian sub basin shown that the dependence of R-Squared is equal to 0.645, indicating a relatively high dependence on the field.

Background: Sulfur dioxide as one of the important gas pollutants has an irreparable impact on plants, animals and objects; therefore this monitoring and control is important. Biological indicators as air pollutants indicators, are appropriate conductive in order to air pollution control in urban and industrial environments. Lichens are one of the bioindicators that are used in this case.Material and methods: Therefore, survey of efficiency and effectiveness biomonitoring of SO2 with use of lichen, Lecanora mularis, was considered. In this research, Lecanora was placed into the special bags and exposed with 40, 100 and 200 ppb SO2 for three hours. Then chlorophyll determination (chl a, chl b and chl a+b) and ratio of OD 435/415 was measured by extracting of 20 mg net weight of lichen in 10 ml DMSO.Results: Thus, the average of chlorophyll determination (chl a, chl b) in control and exposed samples to SO2 was 94.1% and 77.3%, respectively; and there was a direct relationship between determination and pollutant's concentration, in all cases.Conclusion: So, in order to high sensivity of lichens to uptake the SO2, monitoring and indicating the existence and absence of sulfur dioxide in air is possible, thus this monitoring is one of the most effective and applicable approach.

Introduction: khoramshahr is located 128 kilometers far from Ahwaz and in southwestern of khouzestan. Karoon River before reaching the Persian Gulf, in khoramshahr Divided in to two branches Bahmanshyr and Hafar. In to the importance of Hafar River Hydrology situation that fresh water and salt water are important Macrobenthic it will.Method: In this study selected 10 stations within the study scope. Sampling Started on March 2008 and ended on September of 2009. Samples by Van Vienn Grab sampler (0.025 m2) in both warm and cold season and once in each season was done. To the 3 samples from each station to identify benthic sediment and one sample for Grain sediment Analysis (GSA) and Total organic materials (Tom) were harvested. Physicochemical parameters of the DO, salinity, PH and temperature were analyzed.Results: Macrobenthic between groups identified the most abundant Insect group and sex Nereis sp. Identified Macrobenthic groups consist of Polychaete 65.19%, Gastropoda 29.65%, Bivalvia 4.97% and Insecta 0.18% respectively. In stations that the amount of material dissolved was high, macrobenthics was significantly redused. In station 1(Soap factory) and residual tissues silt clay and sand was fine to their numbers. Most the benthic communities in the river downstream stations were observed in the amount of organic matter in sediments of these stations are less. In general, benthic communities were more in sandy sediment with low organic matter.

Introduction: This study touches on identification of Sea stars and Brittle stars species in coast of Chabahar Gulf in the Oman Sea, IR. During November 2008 to September 2009.Method study: The area of study was at the farthest end of south east of Iran in province of Sistan and Balouchestan. Samplings were randomly done bimonthly during low tide from 5 stations, by using 1m×1m quadrate. Then, samples were counted, identified.Results: The results showed that 7 species of echinodermata including: Aquilonastra burtonii, Astropecten phragmorus, Astropecten hemprichi, Macrophiothrix elongate, Macrophiothrix cheneyi from 2classes Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea and from 3orders Spinulosa, Paxillosida, Ophiurida and 3 families Asterinidae, Astropectinidae, Ophiotrichidae. Discussion and Conclusion: Aquilonastra burtonii attendance was in all of the stations with the exception of station 5. Astropecten phragmorus was found in stations 2 and 4 and Astropecten hemprichi in stations 4 and 5. Macrophiothrix cheneyi and Macrophiothrix elongata were seen in stations 2, 3 and 4.

Introduction: In this study we investigated morphological structure of Cyprinidae fish, kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901) in Caspian Sea using truss network system.Methods: Samples were collected from two beach seine and gill net fisheries cooperation's located in two main fishing areas of this species in the western (Bandare-Astara) and the eastern (Bandare-Kiyashahr) shore of Guilan province. Truss distance as well as eye diameter, interorbital, total length, fork length width of 23 samples were measured in ichthyological research laboratory. Findings: Our results by using Statistical analysis (One-way ANOVA) for morphological characteristics revealed that 14 morphological traits showed significant differences that showed relatively high phenotypic diversity among samples in the two kutum populations. Morphological characters including: total length, standard length, eye diameter and landmark distances including: dorsal first spine and pectoral fin, snout and pelvic fin, the upper branch of caudal fin and the lower branch of caudal fin, the first upper branch of caudal fin and the last soft branch of pelvic fin, the last soft branch of dorsal fin and the first spin of pelvic fin, the last soft branch of dorsal fin and the upper branch of caudal fin, the first lower branch of caudal fin and the last soft branch of pelvic fin, the posterior part of pelvic fin and the last soft branch of dorsal fin, the first upper branch of caudal fin and the first spin of pelvic fin, snout and basement membrane gill and the first spin of dorsal fin and basement membrane gill. In principle, any measured distances between landmarks may serve as characters for morphometric analyses. We described methodologically a geometric protocol for cyprinid fish species morphological character measurements, the truss network system, which enforces systematic coverage of the form and exhaustively and redundantly archives the landmark configuration.

Background and Objectives: In Zanjan city, no research has been conducted for selection of a suitable site for sanitary disposal of solid waste. At the moment, a traditional landfill site is used for solid wastes disposal in the vicinity of the city. The site has high potential to pollute the environment due to the open air practice of waste disposal. Hence, it is urgent to select a site for this purpose from amongst the proposed ones.Unsuitable landfill sites may have many negative impacts. Using environmental impact assessment can highly help mitigate the negative effects and arrive at a sound environmental management plan. RIAM is an approach that guarantees a sound and at the same time fast and clear evaluation of the main environmental impacts of development projects. This approach has many advantages and some disadvantages, and of the latter the subjectivity has been targeted in this research.We used the RIAM that was upgraded with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to lower the subjectivity implicit in the scoring of the impacts and introduce more objectivity to the process.Method of study: We used suggested landfill sites in Zanjan City and assessed their environmental impacts through integration of AHP and RIAM methods. Comparing the effects of each of these landfills on the environment helped us in selecting the least impacting one. Results: In the process, we integrated the RIAM with the AHP and found the present landfill site still holds some edge over other suggested sites. The possibility of improving the original RIAM method with the AHP was also shown to be applicable and promising.Discussion and conclusion: This study shows that RIAM method can be upgraded through integration with the AHP method. The integration transformed challenging ideas on the scoring of the impacts and provided an opportunity for inclusion of expert opinion and greatly enhanced achievement of a unified impact score.

Introduction: Ferns and their species are mostly found in wetting zones, for this reason the forests located at the northern side of Iran are considered as a suitable provenance for their growing up. Some studies have been conducted on Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Iran, but no comprehensive research has yet been done in the field of environmental factors effective on their dispersion. This research aims to study the environmental factors effective on dispersion of this specie of Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in different heights of Hirkani Forests. The present research has been done in the northwest side of Golestan National Park.Methodology: Some plots containing Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn have randomly been selected in various heights of the area under studying, and then the soil and other available plant species were sampled on field and random basis.After registration of the available data, the soil of the center of the sample plot was sampled with a depth of 30 cm. Then the correlation between environmental variables and flora was specified using Principal Components Analysis (P.C.A) and the treatments were compared by Multiple Range Duncan Result and Discussion: The flora was classified using (TWINSPAN) analysis and consequently two ecologic groups were categorized. Some key species were introduced in each group and the result of (TWINSPAN) analysis is matrix 62 species and 18 plots measuring 100 Sqm.(P.C.A) results show that groups have properly been separated based on soil fertility and dispersion of ecologic groups in the area under studying are influenced by chemical properties or fertility conditions of the provenance.

Introduction: The investigation standards and procedures designed to introduce the recreational open spaces in the warm and dry region of Iran’s plateau. In addition, case study about the principles of landscape design in the warm and dry plateau is the city of Yazd, resulting in the full knowledge of climatic elements and their impact on human comfort in outdoor conditions. Afterwards, the decrease of impact and regulating these climatic factors was considered.Method: Green spaces, recreational functions and its relationship is considered with the polling in city of Yazd. The results showed that shady trees in regulating climate and attract a lot of people involved. There is also water in areas of public interest plays a major role in Yazd. The conditions of interest were identified as follows: · Evaporative cooling caused by water and cover crops· Native landscape interest· Preferred location northern slope of the mountain· Stone tiles and brick floor in harmony with the natural substrateThus, the plant design criteria determined by the appropriate plant species, which create a microclimate or miniature central space with the least absorption of the sun's rays were used.Results: following criterions are the results of the polling and effect of climate elements comparison: Proper orientation and directions and follow appropriate criteria in these open spaces. Creating artificial northern slope in central miniature space for special and ground cover plants Planting design techniques to create a microclimate.

Introduction and aims: Most of paper and cardboard industries regardless of the exorbitant costs use incineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in these wastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studies show that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete.Materials and method: In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: waste contains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have the most volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measured according to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elements were measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required tests were carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days respectively.Results: Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that there will not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reduces the compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing waste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount of waste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density test show the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of waste replacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare with using waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containing waste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75% ,respectively, as well as for samples containing both waste types, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2.Conclusion: According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use of waste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use of paperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency (profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structural weight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused by incineration and landfilling) is noticeable.