JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:12|Papers Count:6

In order to evaluate the level of success of failure of the industrial cities of Iran, the industrial cities of Alborz, Rasht, Kaveh, Leyah and Caspian were assessed. Environmental and economic factors were the primary elements, in this assessment. Unfortunately, lack of proper management and lock of knowledge and adequate training of pertinent authorities, not only has resulted in failing to achieve the envisioned policies and objectives for the establishment of industrial cities, but also their over concentration has contradicted their original objectives. Aggravation of environmental predicaments like pollutants, lack of inner-coordination of production units and their failure to economically assist on another within a given industrial city and the inability to deploy human resources are some of the shortcomings in these complexes. This world eventually has a significant impact on the social and economic condition of the country. Taking into account the original objectives of establishing industrial cities, namely improvement of environmental, social and economies status of the region, it is recommended that the pertinent organizations seriously pursue the training of people involved in the affairs of these cities and make it mandatory to comply and observe the environmental regulations and standards in order to remedy the existing lack of coordination and disorganization. Only then, pollution mitigation not only would assist the present industries to strive toward profitability and economic competence, but also would ameliorate the national economy and wealth. Naturally, resolving environmental predicaments and the mitigation of the pollution problem ensues social and economic costs that have to be borne by the society and ultimately by the national economy. Taking into account the original objectives of establishing industrial cities, namely improvement of environmental, social and economies status of the region, it is recommended that the pertinent organizations seriously pursue the training of people involved in the affairs of these cities and make it mandatory to comply and observe the environmental regulations and standards in order to remedy the existing lack of coordination and disorganization. Only then, pollution mitigation not only would assist the present industries to strive toward profitability and economic competence, but also would ameliorate the national economy and wealth. Naturally, resolving environmental predicaments and the mitigation of the pollution problem ensues social and economic costs that have to be borne by the society and ultimately by the national economy.

During the 1991 Gulf War, 700 oil wells set on fire by Iraq's troops as allied forces under operation "Desert Storm" forced them out of Kuwait. The pupose of this paper is to estimate the health effects from the air pollution caused by this disaster. In order to develop an operational definition of health, it is necessary to develop methodology to place market value on human health. This paper employed Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) for eliciting willingness to pay for valuing morbidity risk reduction. Economic values of seven health symptoms have been estimated using CVM for morbidity risk reductions. Individuals with additional symptom days of illness form air pollution were asked to purchase reductions in these symptoms contingent upon the existence of a market for doing so. It is shown that willingness to pay depends on the attributes of the illness such as duration, number of illness and nature of illness and respondent characteristics such as income and health history. This valuation was primarily limited to morbidity and due to lack of reliable data; no attempt was made to place value on mortality change.

One of the most effective factors in human health is the consumption of safe articles of food with suitable quality and quantity. Vegetables are one of these valuable articles and because of different vitamins and nutrients in them, they have many consumers, so their safety is very important.Vegetables fertilized by sludge, in Isfahan suburbs, have increased probability of much pollutant absorption, like heavy metals.In this study, Pb and Cd pollution in sweet basil was examined five times for each fire sample at the pilot scale.Experiments were done randomly. After cultivation, agricultural operation, harvesting and preparing the samples, Pb and Cd absorpation were measured by the atomic absorption. Method SAS analysis showed that Pb adsorption in the root, was not significant, but in stem, in the second treatment (fertiliser), the difference from the control was statistically the dignigicant, and Cd absorption both in the root and in the stem for all of the treatments was significant.Also, it was concluded that plant operation (length, wet and dried weigh) in comparison with control group was statistically significant. It means that by increasing the sludge amount, the sweet basil growth is increased.

Neka wood company was established in 1971 with the purpose of scientific and mechanized exploration of Neka forests. The Principal structure of the company is composed of industrial and forest sections.I n this research, by taking advantage of statistical methods, observation silviculture and the systems method, the operation effects of the company on degradation of Neka forests in considered.The results indicate that the shelter wood cutting method of the forests covered by the company, is not suitable method due to the situation of this forest. Also harvesting from the forest is more than needs. Therefore the excess wood is sold in free markets and t ht, resultant income is spent for compensation of industrial section losses.Deficiencies in management, improper breeding operation, and shortage of communication roads in the forest account for forest degradation factors.In management, using the conservation principle as the highest priority, essential reconsideration in forest management planning to private sector, make use of single tree selection cutting method, benefiting from existing potentials in the North, planting rapid growing (popnlns), import of wood, are of important factors which can guarantee survival of such forests.

Evaluation of ecological capability is in fact an assessment of the stock and potentials of land by specified and pre-determined criteria and standards. The goal underlying the process of evaluating ecological capability of the West and North West of Tehran is to realize potential capability of the land within practical application to achieve communication and interactions between human activities, society and the land potential, and to gain land preparation. To do so, in the first place, an area of 6,000 hectares located at the ultimate West and North West of Tehran, as District 22, was specified. Maps were prepared of sustainable ecological resources; including physiography, type of soil, type and density of vegetation, geology and petrology and also unsustainable resources; including maps for water resources, wildlife habitats, land use and climatology.In the second stage, maps of land form units using geographic information system (GIS) were provided by overlaying maps of slope, direction and elevation maps. The environmental unit maps were prepared by overlapping soil type and vegetation maps. In the next stage the ecological models of different stratum and environmental information included in the tables were adjusted, coded and were then confirmed with the ecological models of urban development in Iran. Then the ecological models of different classes of application were prepared for District 22 through a linear mathematical model and subsequently the maps of application classes via GIS were prepared. The finding of the ecological capability study indicates that the most of the subjected area has the capability of Class-2 (relatively suitable) and also some other parts within the area with steep slope, flood ways and fault boundaries has the capability of Class-3 (unsuitable) for urban development. The investigation showed that the most important limiting factor for proper sustainable development in the district is water shortage.

Field measurement and satellite images show that centers of major cities such as Tehran are hotter than marginal points, so that after drawing an isothermal map or interpreting aerial photos, heat focuses are seen throughout the city especially in central and accumulated parts known as "Heat Islands" effect. Exactly the opposite is also true. As, there are some parts, throughout the city which are cooler than other adjacent ones. These areas often contain large green fields. Using anti-thermal focuses or green fields is an efficient solution, compensating adverse impacts of heat islands by decreasing relative temperature. In the present study to demonstrate adjusting effect of green fields, Taleghani Park was selected as a vast city based park and 30 various temperature measurement stations were planned within the margin and deep inside the Park. Temperature measuring was carried out 6 times by 2 persons. To make a comparison between depth and margin temperatures, measurements were done at the same time in a number of stations in order to ensure equality of all environmental conditions (excepting vegetation density) for all stations.As measurement finished, a temperature table was made really for each time, the column of which showed particular conditions of each station that were thought to be effective, including existence or mm-existence of vegetation cover and vegetation density. Afte preparing temperature tables, heat maps consisted of a mean temperature map for each station and a map to subtract station mean temperature from the city's temperature were provided, in which average temperature of each station was compared with the city's. Then a diagram was prepared for each map. Results obtained revealed that adjusting effect of green are on the temperature decrease reached causes a fall to 3.07oc within the coolest station (Station no.16). They also show that as you get distant from park margin and closer centre of the green, mean temperature of stations becomes more difference than from the city's temperature area.For solving problems such as heat island effect and global warming it is to establish vast parks. Other proposed solutions include review of tree types (from the view point of their adaptability to urban environments), appropriate pruning to achieve maximum and further use of deciduous plants instead of conifers and of green roofs.