JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:9|Papers Count:9

In order to find out the healthy (suitable) bacterial quality of the shampoos which are made by Iranian laboratories, 52 samples of shampoos were gathered at random. This study is carried out with the collaboration of the Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of IRAN.This study intends to find out the probable Pseudomonas contamination of shampoos by using the five well -known and standard methods such as: USP, MERCK, STANDARD, ISO, ENRICHED with NF BROTH and KING AGAR.These methods were evaluated for the feasibility and practicability in IRAN.We carried out a diagnostic test in CITRIMIDE AGAR medium to authenticate the methods.This study showed that MERCK method, using the Malachite - green Broth medium is the best of these methods.The advantages of the selected method are easy detectalility of Preudomonas, it is less time consuming, less material is used, simplicity of implementation and it is economical than the other methods. Therefore this method is recommended to be used as the Iranian National standard method.This study clarifies that among 52 cases (4%) of the lot. turned out to be contaminated. If the shampoos were not monitored for sanitation and environmental safety, the Pseudomonas contamination would impair the immunity of people and especially children, elderly people, the hospitalized patients and immune compromised patients because the opportunistic a Pseudomonas bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics.

This study has been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of activated carbon to remove the coloured Pollutant in textile industry waste water. The two types of activated carbon, powder and granule, seem to be applicable for this study.The results showed that the activated carbon adsorb quickly the acidic calours. The removal efficiency of 88% has obtained in the first 3 hours by adding two grams per liter of activated carbon. The degree of detention Time has reduced by decreasing pH from 13 to 7 and to 1. Different percentage are removal were 16% (in 3 hours) 88% (in 3 hours) and 1% (in 1 hour). Heat and biological treatment had not significant effect on colour removal. Nevertheless, the above two mentioned factor in association with activated carbon reduced BOO, COD and removed the colours. The concentration of the colours waste-water decreased from 30 mg/l to 1.5 mg/I by using column of activated carbon.

During the fall of 2000, high death rates were reported among Caspian seals (Phoca caspica), which live only in the Caspian sea and are listed as a vulnerable species by (IUCN).Dead seals, presumably borne on the counter-clockwise current of the Caspian Sea, are frequently washed ashore. The die-off was reported near the mouth of Safid Rood in late April and subsequently reported from other areas in Gilan and Mazandaran provience along 1000 km of coasts of southern Caspian. Therefore census of dead seals conducted. The census fell with in eastern region of coastlines in the provience of Gilan. A total of 58 seal's carcasses were sighted along 28 km transect in 3 sites, each site measured 5 km.Body size and condition of dead seals were analyzed for the cause of death, age and sex. Animal condition measured by the level of blubber deposition, which represent energy and reflected nutritinal status of animals.Postmortem examination and necropsies were carried out on 20 dead seals. Samples of lung, liver, spleen, bladder, stomach, lymph nodes, muscle, blubber, brain, kidney, intestines were taken and fixed in 10 percent formalin for virology, toxicology, serology, histopathology, bacteriology and algal toxins. Blood samples were obtain on three occasions from 3 live seals, also.Further studies are required to determine if the Caspian seals are infected with "Canine Distemper Virus" which genetically similar to that found in the other seals species.The epidemiology of disease including its effects on the Caspian seal population, and level of chemical contaminants in tissues of seals that could have immunotoxic effects in Caspian seals, also remains to be investigated. Shrinkin population of Caspian seals and the conflict between the fisheries and seal safety is becoming more pronanced. Further works is under way to determine whether fisheries operations contribute to the mortality rates of the Caspian seal in southern coasts (Iran).This work was carried out under Ecotoxicolog project "Ecotox", Caspian Environment Program "CEP", founded by the World Bank through a donation by the Japanese Consultant Trust Fund.

Shadegan Internationally recognized Wetland, measuring 400.000 hectares, is located in the southern part of Khoozestan, stretching south to the Persian Gulf, and is affected by the Persian Gulf.The oil material coming from Kuwait's wells into the Persian Gulf, during the war caused 20% of the emergent plants to be destroyed. These plants provided the main part of the required forage of regional cattle, free of charge, so that restructuring of this part needs 10 years. (1991 to 2001). Valuation of the economic damages resulting from oil material on the emergent plants was performed on the basis of the Impact valuationMethod. Barter Exchange Approach Technique, in the framework of cost–benefit analysis.The price of barley (kg/Rl). distributed by governmental companies to the animal husbandries was used for valuation~ First the said plants were classified on the basis of forage value and food quality and then some coefficients were determined. Multiplying these coefficients in barley price (as 1st degree forage) for 1991 -2000, the Rial value for each grazing ground was obtained. The amount of the destroyed forage grazing ground in hectares was multiplied by the number of cattle eating forage there each year. Then the cost of the barley needed by the cattle to replace the forage that was lost was calculated in Rials. In the next stage the Rial values for each year from 1991 to 2000 were considered. Then the annual inflation rate of the contry, which in 2000 was 20%., was taken into account. Finally, adding all values together, the damages to shadegan wetland was calculated as amounting to 5862281433 Rls. If the interest rate is considered as 18.5% per year and 4947072940 without interest.

Nowadays, pest management systems include the biological control method due to the increase of implementation problems of chemical control methods. On the basis of this research the efficient role of biological control factors, one of them Trichogramma bee against the Chilo suppressalis worm has been analyzed and studied in comparison with the use of irregular consumption of pesticides and its wastage in North Iran rice fields.The sites of the case study include Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Approximately more than 60% of chemical pesticides we used at site. Chilo suppressalis is one of the most important pests in the region. It was observed and collected for the first time in Chaboksar, Gilan, in 1972. Then it dispersed and spread from point to point in the region. 20 pesticides were used with different radicals in rice -fields, the most important of which is Diazinon. The activity of the natural enemy Trichogramma began from the severity of Chilo suppressalis infestation in Mazandaran from 1975 to 1977.The implemented research shows that the above mentioned method (non - chemical method) was used extensively in the Second Five -year plan of North of Iran. The results show high levels of release at rice -field of Mazandaran province. At the same time about 80% of farmers use the chemical methods for pest control, and only 37% of farmers knew and informed about the biological control method.The pesticides reduction and application of biological control method have been successful and reduced by 60% the pesticides consumption in North of Iran. The Third Five -year Plan must be supported by experts and researchers and by financial means. Also the farmers need to have access to the research.

This study has been carried out to investigate the pathogen microorganisms in different parts of a hospital in Tehran and especially in operating room. The results of microorganism cultures showed that the Staphylococcus epidermidis in the operating rooms air was higher than the other microbes and the only existing fungi was Aspergillus sp.The operating room bed was the most contaminated sample while Staphylococcus saprophyticus and candida fungi were the least contaminating microorganisms. Operating room diurs was well steriled and no contaminations were detected. Operating room pump had only Aspergillus sp. Staphylococcus epidermidis, gram positive bacilli and Mocur sp. were detected in the operating room ground air fan. In sampling of operating room's trolley, the most contaminating bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Many investigations concerning the residue of insecticides on foodstuff have been conducted in the developed countries during the last two decades, but unfortunately in our country, despite consumption of insecticides, there have only a few studies on this field. In most rice fields in Mazandaran Province, Lindane and Diazinon are applied to control Ephydra spp, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa and Chilo spp. Taking into consideration the application of these insecticides in the rice fields in the north region of our country, this investigation was carried out on the rice plant and rice granules in order to get the necessary information from the concentration of insecticides residual, when the rice consumed 177 samples were provided in 4 areas of Nashtarood in the Tonekabon city in 1999. Samples were analyzed by Thin -Layer -Chromatography method, in order to determine the quantity of Lindane and Diazinon. The results showed that in 2 out of 4 studied areas Lindane was measured 0.1ppm at the end of 4th month, and Diazinon showed in lout of 4 areas (Tameshcol 2) approx 1ppm in the 4th month. This study cleared that the physical and chemical properties of the studied insecticides, such as fumigation quality, ecological conditions and type of soil, cause the decrease and finally disappearence of insecticides during the period of plant growth. While period of being in store after harvest and separation of rice from the rice product, play a fundamental role in residue of these insecticides.