JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2013 | Volume:14 | Issue:2 (53)|Papers Count:21

With developing technologies and vanous industrial activities, the produced wastewater from industrial activities makes a serious threat for environment. When this kind of wastewater, which includes heavy metals from miscellaneous industrial activities, enters to environment prepares adverse effects on human beings and food chain organisms.There are many investigations about heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater based on precipitation, ion exchange, and biological processes. However, these days, the performance of membrane processes such as nanofiltration is focused as an appropriate process and many investigators are working on it.The main purpose of this work is the evaluation of nanofiltration process on heavy metals such as nick e l, chrome, and cadmium from synthetic industrial wastewater. Also, the effects of operating parameters on nanofiltration process are investigated. In this work, a nanofiltration pilot with capacity of 40 m3/day, which consists of 1 and 5 micron filters and a permeable polyamide membrane (NF90-4040), is used and the effect of heavy metals concentration increase on the removal efficiency of one or mixed of all heavy metals are evaluated.It is concluded that the performance of nanofiltration with increase of heavy metals concentration improved and the maximum heavy metals removal efficiency is occurred when the concentration of heavy metals is equal to 100 mg/L. The average removal efficiency of one and mixed of all heavy metals is 95.4 and 97.5%, respectively.Moreover, the operating pressure of nanofiltration process with increase of heavy metals concentration, decrease but the recovery rate of membrane increase. The average recovery rat e of membrane i n one and mixed of all heavy metals removal condition is 72.8 and 72.4%, respectively.Also, among the heavy metals the maximum recovery rate and the minimum operating pressure in nanofiltration process belong to cadmium.

The array of a plug in hybrid solar assist electric tractor is designed and simulated by MA TLAB software before construction. The array consists of 15 solar panel s from which 5 are connected in series and 3 groups are connected in parallel The relation between input and output parameter s and effective en v iron mental factors are modeled by mathematical formula and Voltage-Current, Voltage -Power curves assessed in different conditions and for different parameters. Results showed that the evaluation diagrams are in good agreement with experimental values with acceptable accuracy with a s high as 97 % compared with the manufacturing company data. Finally, the designed algorithm was compared with that of Sandia National Laboratories Algorithm and good agreements were resulted as well. It is concluded that the simple developed model presented in this paper is comparable to the complicated model developed by Sandia algorithm and can safely be used instead.

Iran is a semi - dried country. Although the volume of surface water is high, lack of appropriate control of water sources has resulted water shortage. The plain of Yazd- Ardekan is located in the Yazd province, with an area of 11393 km2 and has a high volume of water consuming for agricultural, industrial mineral and drinkable exploitation. The region contains Yazd, Ardekan, Meybod, Taft, Sadugh and Mehriz, has the most population of the province.Regarding several negative and positive environmental impacts of performing the development plants, studying the evaluation of environmental impact the method of Monavari 2001 has been used for e valuating the impacts of artificial injection plans in the plain of Yazd-Ardekan. In this Method physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment values have been in vestigated.Expecting the impacts studied in two items of lack of performing the plan and performing the plan in the constructional and exploitation phases.According to the results, constructional phase and 117 positive impacts in operational phase, compared to the item of lack of performing the plan with 21 negative impacts in constructional phase and 74 positive impacts in operational phase showed that performing the plan in Yazd plain of Ardakan is possible by applying reformatory measures.

Introduction: In this survey to analyze the effect of Aquaculture Farms on quality of Gamasiab Rive, we selected five sampling station along the river for sampling. Water quality parameters were determined and then compared with standard limits.Materials and Methods: Sampling was done in three months August and September 2007 and March 2008 in the morning and evening because of the effect of Feeding in water quality. The water sample s were gathered in polyethylene bottles and DO, pH, EC were determined at the station then samples were transferred to the lab for determining other parameters such as BOD5 , NH4+, NO3-, NO2- and PO43-.Results: The results showed that only EC has no significant difference in stations but other parameters have that. For DO, pH and BOD5 parameters only between B1 station and control station (A) have not showed significant difference. NH4+ and NO3- have showed significant difference between control station (A) and the others because of inputting the nutrition particles of aquaculture facility and villages' wastewaters in the river.Also, between Aquaculture Farms there are significant differences in some parameters like NH4+ and NO3-. For instance Ghazal Danesh farm with producing 100 tone fish entered more pollution to the river comparing with Ghazal Zaghros farm with producing 190 tone fish.Discussion and Conclusions: Comparing the water quality parameters in Gamasiab River with water quality classification table in physical, chemical and biological parameters showed that this river water quality is in a-meso saprobe until b-meso saprobe. So, at present this river can do self-purification of pollution but because of the policy of developing Aquaculture Industry in Iran, especially Hamedan province and no controlling and monitoring on pollutant sources, this river would have serious problems such as purification in the future.

Natural gas as an environmentally friendly fuel will have the highest growth rate among energy carriers in the first two decades of this century which is an indication of its ever increasing share in global consumption of energy sources.The present study utilizes the most recent statistics and data about air pollution and fuel price to estimate the amount of saving that can be attained through the establishment of a single- purposed CNG station having 4 dispensers and consuming 10.512.000 cubic meters of CNG annually. Thus, the economic losses of pollutants' emissions from 1 cubic meter of CNG and 1 liter of gasoline were calculated. Finally, by considering the annual revenue of a CNG station, the total monetary saving through the consumption of gas in comparison to the equal amounts of gasoline (per kilometer) was calculated.The results indicate that the total savings for each single-purpose CNG station is about 26.088.303.168 Rials. The cumulative savings from a chain of CNG stations will be remarkable and in long term it will have huge paybacks including air pollution reduction, public health improvement, gasoline and diesel consumption decrease, reduction in foreign currency expenditures, self sufficiency in use of modem technologies and preservation of petroleum resources.

Rural Tourism is considered as a process in rural development which is creating other activities such as agricultural that can increase the fmancial, economical and environmental development, job creation and permanency that follows by life quality improvement, services and convenience in regional and local development framework. Here, the rural attractions and potentials can be resources and opportunities of this fact.Moreover the rural tourism development causes social, economical and environmental positive and negative effects while interfering in rural regions. In this method which uses a descriptive and Meta analysis, it is tried to choose the best way of interfering in rural regions studying and quality evaluating the rural tourism.This research's findings show that a strategic way in strategic factors (SWOT) analysis process using a vast and flexible look through variables and facts in rural tourism can provide a maximum in planning, design and performance of rural tourism development which should be evaluated in Iran today's social, economical, environmental and political structure.

Biodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fuel contains less sulfur and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emission pollutants of diesel engine. In this research biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by means of Trans Esterification method in the presence of NaOH catalyzes (0.5% oil weight) and 6: 1 of methanol to oil ratio. For improving some physical properties of biodiesel, such as cloud point and pour point crystallization of ester with n-hexane solvent was used. Some blends with different levels of biodiesel and diesel fuel were obtained from each kind of blend fuel. Physical properties identified and compared to diesel fuel #2.Conclusions show: increasing of biodiesel percent in blend resulted increasing of density and viscosity. High percent of biodiesel in blends, has negative effect on cloud point and pour point, and so compared with diesel fuel, causes increasing these two properties.

One of the main problems and challenges facing the managers and decision makers of energy sector in consumption management area is known as the lack of accurate information and statistics in an appropriate model for simulating and predicting the demand trend. In most cases, mental and trial-and- error methods have been witnessed to be employed for decision making processes. In cases where an appropriate model has the ability to solve the mentioned challenge, but failing to update the information and statistics used in the model can cause a new challenge which may finally results in delaying the decision making process.This paper attempts to introduce and employ it combination of regression models and IT to solve the above two challenges simultaneously and facilitate decision making process for energy consumption management in residential and commercial sectors. This can lead to a better decision making process for acceptable energy saving policy and management and cost reduction of its operation. With no doubt, this will help to reduce the GHG emissions and lead to a better environment.

Nowadays dealing with quality and quantity of urban solid wastes and recycling and separating materials as well as reusing organic wastes materials in order to generating compost and bio-compost are the most important issues in urban solid wastes management all around the world. With this in mind, quality enhancement of compost and bio-compost produced from urban solid wastes is one of major concern.In the context of a research, physicochemical characteristics of compost and bio-compost of Zahedan city are analyzed. Compost and bio-compost produced in summer and winter of 1385 are collected and utilized as samples. As the outcomes of this research illustrated, concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and zinc are not in proper levels and humidity percent of fertilizers are below the normal limit due to evaporation and high temperature of summer season. In contrast, concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphor and potassium are normal. In general, keeping compost and bio-compost in desired quality requires more protection especially in high temperature seasons.

Organ chlorine pesticides are very important due to carcinogenic and delayed toxic function and their effect on nervous system of fish and human. In this project concentrations of organ chlorine pesticides including Lindane, Heptachlor, Dieldrin, Aldrin and DOT was measured in sediments of southern coasts of Caspian Sea from Astara, Hashtpar, Bandare Anzali, Kiashahr, Ramsar, Chalous, Noor, Feraidoun Kenar, Khazarabade Sari and Bandare Turkman stations. After sampling from above mentioned stations, they have been extracted, separated, condensed and then have been analyzed by GC system an equipped with electron capture detector. In sampled sediments, Heptachlor with an average of 0.493 mg/kg on wet weight concentration and Aldrin with an average of <0.001 mg/kg on wet weight concentration have the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively. The order of these pesticides according to average of concentrations, are as follow: Heptachlor > DOT > Dieldrin > Lindane> Aldrin.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a new systematic procedure which considers distinguishes prediction and environmental impacts assessment at the highest levels of decision making and in strategic development of planning and programming process and policy seriously and efficiently.In various countries particularly in developed countries, there are clear examples of SEA laws and regulation.In fact the first regular document of SEA was prepared in the US in 1969, and afterwards other countries such as Canada, Hong Kong, Denmark published by laws and regulations as special requirements for scientific executive assessment.It is over a decade that the laws and regulations exist on EIA in Islamic Republic of Iran. They are implemented in recent years much more strongly but unfortunately despite of wide range of SEA scopes, any laws and regulations have not been ratified by the regular authorities up to now. Therefore, regarding conducted researches in the pioneer countries, the SEA related obligation has been clarified at two levels. The first level is legislative and the second one is policy and decision- making. The policy making would not be effective without observation of SEA obligation and legislative consideration.Consequently, it is suggested that an integrated management system which is required for and perquisite effective implementation, to be created in Iran can be helpful in effectiveness of SEA in decision and policy making principals

In recent years, human activities towards development have brought numerous threats and effects to the environment. The interaction between development and environment, the two inseparable parameters, which has such negative effects, can be adjusted and environmental disturbances can be controlled through management of destructing organizations or those influencing the environment only. In recent years to manage of urban organizations like municipalities there are broad activities during with the objective of the protection of the environment, cot-trolling and decreasing environmental pollutions in the region, developing environment protection and pollution control and, improving citizens knowledge and understanding, applying modem environmental technologies, optimum usage of energy sources, protecting cultural and substantial heritages aid development of scientific and cultural background through execution of several projects considering unstable and irregular development of city and urbanization which has increased environmental problems.Design, execution and construction of Energy Park in Nilofar Garden in region, have been amongst such activities towards extension of environmental protection culture. Familiarity with modem methods of energy supply and optimum usage of energy sources is very helpful. In this project, construction of Energy Park has been considered by introducing renewable energy systems in the framework of energy building, renewable energy exhibition, sun parking and sun passages.

On the Khazar coast, Turkmen Sabra and especially Gomishan some kinds of residential architecture are seen amongst Turkmen tribes which are a valuable instance of local knowledge in rural housing, in a way that shows a sort of correlation between architecture and environment in these regions.In Gomishan houses are made of local materials and special techniques to be as useful as possible. On the other hand after burring Turkmen's tents in 1926 and making them to liv ~ on the Caspian Sea. coasts a kind of house which is called Tam engender which are evaluated and revised in this study.Since there is no research done on construction of Turkmen tams, the necessity of this research is clear. So in this article based on descriptive - analytic method using information gathering tools (including: field research (2006-2007), interview with experts, review of literature, documents) it is attempted to study this residential architecture. At the end using the positives notes of these regions some suggestions will be made.

The development of urban communities, growth of urbanism, emergence of metropolises, and subsequent increase in the volume of residues and municipal wastes, besides adding to numerous urban problems, pose serious threats to the environment and people's health which, together with the need for transfer stations for temporary accumulation of wastes, has drawn world attention to this issue. The usage of waste transfer stations is recommended in order to improve and enhance solid wastes transportation system. Most cities possess waste transfer stations, however, it should be mentioned that potential effects of wastes on individual's health and safety are still unclear.Proper site selection, design, and operation of equipment’s lead into the appropriate management of waste transfer stations so that health, safety, and welfare of society as well as the absence of adverse environmental impacts could be ensured.The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental aspects and sanitary conditions of waste transfer stations in terms of the volume of generated leachate around the stations and emission of unfavorable odors and polluted gases during the operation of stations located at residential areas. To accomplish these goals, sampling and some measurements were carried out at each station in the first step.Investigations showed the lack of health facilities, appropriate accommodation for workers, personal protective equipment’s, and proper physical conditions in 90% of stations.The obtained results indicate that the level of leachate-induced pollution at the bottom of stations, which ultimately escapes to soil and water resources, is significantly higher than standards recommended by Department of Environment (DOE). Septic tank leachate sampling showed that BOD and COD level of the studied station was 49700 and 31800 mg/l, respectively which, in all cases, are higher than sewage effluent standards. In addition, the amount of particles measured at the eastern side of the station was 153 and 753 microgram/m3 which are higher than air pollutants' standards. The level of pollutant gases of NH3 and H2S9NH3 is zero or insignificant.Investigations revealed that the station has septic leachate collection system and its effluent enters absorbing wells. Furthermore, rinsing of waste transporting vehicles leads into flow of polluted water at the station and then, entering absorbing wells.