Journal of Economic Research and Policies
Year:2011 | Volume:19 | Issue:58|Papers Count:11

In addition to investigate the log-run relationship between oil consumption and GDP growth in a supply side model, this paper examines the effects of oil products price liberalization on its consumption and GDP growth in a demand side model in Iran. We use annual time series data covering from 1350 to 1385 in the ARDL Bounds test approach. The results of the supply side model show that there is a unidirectional running from oil products consumption to economic growth with a negative coefficient. This result indicates that low oil products prices led to the use of inefficient and out of date technologies, exhausted and energy intensity. The increased consumption of oil products due to non-optimal allocation of this input in the inefficient economic sectors will lead to the waste of it and reduce economic growth.Moreover, the results of the demand side model suggest the positive and negative impact of oil products price on GDP growth and oil products consumption, respectively. The inverse relationship between oil products prices with its consumption and the positive impact of oil products price on economic growth show that the government's decision to oil products prices liberalization is a step towards an efficient allocation of oil products, and an increase in the economic growth in the long-run.

By considering the increasing importance of international trade and economies interdependence to each other, and also because of the importance of housing in the national economy, this study according to studies antipa and schalck (2009) and vargas-silva (2008) examines the effects of macroeconomic variables, including fiscal and monetary policy variables, on residential investment in open economy and closed economy. For investigating these effects are used vector error correction model (VECM) and the time period (1370–1386). Generalized impulse response functions (GIRFs) show that consumption and liquidity, than the government investment expenditures on construction sector, have greater effect on residential investment. Government investment expenditures on construction sector as a fiscal policy variable, low impact but positive has on residential investment. The results illustrate that the role of monetary policy in open economy on residential investment is more significant than closed economy, while government investment effect on residential investment has declined. These results emphasize on the importance of monetary policy on residential investment, versus fiscal policy. Forecast error variance decompositions confirm also results of generalized impulse response functions.

Inflation has an important effect on economic, especially on industries performance. In most previous studies such as Banerjee & Brill russell (2005) and Anindya Banerjee and at el (2001), inflation has a negative effect on markup. In this paper the effect of inflation and globalization on big industries profit has been considered by panel data and vensim PLE during (2000-2007). Results show the level of liquidity and aggregate demand has a positive effect on inflation and the incomes of industries increase more than their costs in the inflationary condition so their profit increase. So inflation has a positive effect on the profit of industries which remain and produce in inflationary conditions, in contract of the done studies, and continue to their activities in Iran. The membership of Iran in WTO has been mentioned as a scenario in system dynamic model, which under this condition, because of decrease in tariff and non-tariff obstacles and also importing of foreign goods with low prices, the industries will gradually became bankrupt.

Transition from different steps of development; cause a country to experience different structure of diversification in various economic sectors. Diversification of production capacities is a necessity for attaining export diversification and export specialty. this study review sixteen indices and emphasis on three drawback of them, Consistency, Monotonicity and Symmetry and introduce and new index Composite Diversification Index for removal of this blind spots. results of computing CDI index show that Iran export diversification can be divided to three intervals containing an intense ascending in (1994-2000), then a smooth increase in "2001-2005" and reaching to the maximum point of the trend, then decreasing trend in (2005-2008) and finally a smooth growth in 2009.

This study analyzes the impacts of various types of government expenditures on rural poverty in Iran, by using a system of equations including variables affecting on rural poverty such as agriculture labor productivity, employment in rural area, rural-urban migration and access to economic infrastructures and social (electricity, water, telephone) (education attainment, and health) infrastructures and time series data (1984-2009). The results reveal that different types of public Expenditures have various effects on poverty in rural areas. Public investments on water, health and road have the most positive impacts on rural poverty reduction. Government expenditures on water, agricultural R&D, education, health and road improve agricultural productivity growth. Public Expenditures on developing education infrastructures, health and transportation increased employment rate in rural area. Expenditures on water, health and road led to reduce rural-urban immigrate.

Value Added Tax (VAT) as a method of tax charging with creating a new broad tax base has been interest of many countries. Also value added tax in our country in order to reform the structure of tax and increasing government revenues was approved by the parlemant after a relatively long time and in the second quiartor of year 1387 was carried out. Given that this law was carried out, as an experiment law and for five years study of effects of this tax on macroeconomic variables is very important. In this study has tried to use the analytical relationships Input-Output and production of technical coefficient matrix constant assumption of fixed economic conditions and economic variables and limiting assumptions of this study to the price effects resulting from applying VAT on cost of whole different departments to deal with the country's economy. By using of model price of input-output and applying tax rates issue of Article 12 on exemption for goods and services and ultimately applying export exemption issue of article 13 on value added tax the price effects of each section of economy is calculated and with considering of share of each section from the whole output the price effects is calculated. Results show that implimantion of VAT has had very low price effects.

Competitiveness, which is presented in the advantage theories' evolutionary and change in concept of competition, emphasizes the continuous growth of productivity & income per capita in international compeitition process. Estimation of competitiveness is done due to world economic forum's information, expressed in three sub-indexes basic requirements, efficiency and innovation, and using effective variables for the south west Asian countries with panel data. According to this estimation Iran’s rank between the countries involved in this study is seven that in comparing to the rank announced by world economic forum’s (10) shows a better state. The results show that the effect of oil revenue in oil countries on competitiveness is just through basic requirements sub index and the non-oil countries have improved their competitiveness through efficiency sub index. Analyzing the relation between the basic requirements, efficiency and innovation’s components shows that although Iran’s basic requirements’ score is in a better state in comparing to other countries involved in this study but Iran has some components of basic requirements that have less effect on efficiency and innovation sub-indexes (like primary education and health).

The firm capital structure plays an important role in decisions of investment. The effects of profitability (ROA), firm size, market to book value of equity on capital structure have studied in previous research. Some previous researches studied the effect of corporate governance measures on capital structure. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of corporate governance measures on capital structure in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, we use a sample of 170 companies for an eight years period (1381-1388). For the hypotheses testing multivariate pool data regression is used. The Results indicate that profitability (ROA), firm size, market to book value of equity and corporate governance measures explain more than 95 % of the change in financial leverage.

In recent years with developing of information & communication technology, we observe the basic changes in different topics. This revolution has given the opportunity to developing countries to reach developed countries. At first, in this study, we indicate the relationship between ICT and entrepreneurship, and then we use ARDL method for estimate the effect of ICT on employment over the (1350–1385) years. The results show positive effect of ICT on employment. This result indicates the importance of attention to development of ICT in Iran for growing the employment level. The results also show human capital have a positive effect on employment.