ULUM-I-HADITH
Year:2008 | Volume:13 | Issue:2 (48)|Papers Count:9

The main points of the present paper are as follows: 1. every exegetical statement requires conclusive evidence or reliable evidence based on irrefutable one, 2. hadiths possessing common-sense evidence and rationally reliable hadiths which are utilized as evidence both practically and exegetically, 3. unreliable hadiths are used as evidence only for practical aspects of the Holy Quran's verses, 4. although both groups of hadiths should be accepted as reliable by religious law but the secret of this classification is found on three points: a) defining tafsir and its real nature, b) existence of indication for real evidence in rationally reliable hadiths, c) lack of the criteria for such an indication in obligatory developed hadith, 6. classification of statements into scientific and practical is not acceptable regarding the authenticity of rational hadiths but reliability of their issuance is subject to their importance and significance, 7. studying the advantages of unreliable exegetical hadiths, 8. incompatibility of exegetical haiths with the holy Quran and sunna.

Allama Sha’rani is one of those scholars who have dealt with hadith comprehension and criticism with a background of rational and transmitional sciences. Due to his skill in rational sciences, he has utilized some fields of human knowledge which are rationally conclusive and established and religiously approved such as natural sciences, philosophy, mysticism, theology and fiqh. The present paper tries to view this approach from different perspectives.

Ibn Maytham Bahrani's commentary on Nahj al-Balagha, is of the most important and systematic commentaries on Nahj al-Balagha. Parameters used by Ibn Maytham in his commentary on Nahj al-Balagha can be divided into two groups: parameters before commenting and parameters while commenting. The first group is as follows: cause of speech, date of its issue, audiences, replying to questions, awareness concerning false versions of Nahj al-Balagha. The second group contains these issues: topical classification, use of theological, philosophical, and logical discussions, employing mystical teachings, utilizing past commentaries on Nahj al-Balagha, quotations, Arabic poems, parables in Imam Ali's sayings, and explanation of Monotheism and God-knowing in detail.

The history of hadith is full unpleasant events, whether they have occurred to document and text or resulted from spiritual misrepresentation. However they have distorted the image of hadith comprehension and transmission. Many hadith scholars have tried to establish exact rules of hadith comprehension and criticism and compile them into independent books. The author of this article argues the necessity of re-evaluating the criteria for hadith comprehension and criticism. Based on this necessity he comes up with Tafsir of al-Minar and demonstrates the judgments and principles of Mohammad `Abduh and Rashid Rida in this regard.

Rulers’ policies and conducts is the differentiating point of the governments from each other. The Holy Prophet’s conduct and policies was different from other rulers. The author of the present paper tries to deal with the Holy Prophet’s conduct and his domestic and foreign policy.

Utopia or a good-place land (as some writers name it) was used for the first time by Thomas More, famous writer and philosopher of England during 1515 and 1516. It was applied to a society of rational and idealistic system.  Although it was the product of 16th century AD but its origin dates back to 5th century BC.  Plato, the Greek thinker, is the first one who has depicted such a society in his book Republic. What is more notable in Plato's Republic is that he depicts justice as the center of his imaginary society and philosopher as the head of it. After Plato thinkers of different nations have somehow shown their inclination towards this ideal society in their works and given various descriptions of its characteristics. Farabi in his book Ara' Ahl Madina Fadila describes his imaginary and spiritual city emphasizing on philosophical principles and after him, Hakim Sheikh Shahb al-Din Sohrawardi, whose philosophical views are in accordance with Plato's one,  called it no-place land and presented a new image of his desired world.Clear difference between various definitions given by philosophers is the result of their material or spiritual perspective. More's utopia in spite of its religious atmosphere but is ruled by Communistic ideology. Farabi's utopia relying on religious law is mostly painted by philosophy.By studying the works and sayings of the infallible Imams we find out that there is a special kind of utopia in their thoughts which is based on the Quranic and Islamic teachings. This is clearly depicted in Imam's and Hadrat Fatima's supplications, sermons, and words. The author of the present paper tries to describe this ideal society relying on the words of this great lady, peace be upon her.

Words of Zakat and Sadaqa have changed a lot in some ways so that their literal meaning, their Quranic and hadith implications and their jurisprudential connotation are not the same as the past centuries. Due to wrong presuppositions and disregarding terminology of these words, this phenomenon has brought about mistakes concerning the related verses of the holy Quran. Utilizing the rules of understanding hadith and paying attention to the time of issuing hadith, the author of the present paper tries to demonstrate their Quranic and jurisprudential implications and view them from two perspectives: hadith and fiqh (jurisprudence). He points to some wrong references and express the necessity of re-evaluation of some hadith and jurisprudential researches.

Without doubt Fadl bn Shadhan is one of the great faqihs (jurisprudents) and theologians who have innovated and brought about new thoughts. He died in the last decades of second century two months before Imam Hasan Askari's martyrdom in 260 AH. He was contemporary of four Infallible Imams namely Imam Rida, Imam Jawad, Imam Hadi, and Imam Hasan Askari. He played a great role in transmitting Shiite heritage and in order to safeguard it, he has written 180 books. The Encyclopedia of Shia which is a product of studies on Islamic teachings and culture in recent years deals with this great scholar within a half-page. Unfortunately it indicates that this research has not thoroughly done as it is expected. The author of the present paper comes up with deficiencies of this half-page biography of this great scholar with the hope of improvement in latter editions.

Translated by Murtada Kariminia The author of the present paper tries to investigate the origin of Isnad in Islamic sources and find out the reason for mentioning the chain of reporters in biographies and history books. To him Isnad and chain of reporters in Islamic tradition is originated from the Jewish texts. Presenting his evidences he tries to prove his claim.