GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2014 | Volume:14 | Issue:47|Papers Count:15

Precipitation is one of the key elements in the climate of each region. Decrease or increase precipitation, climate and environmental phenomena that impress direct effects of climate on human life are significant. Statistical techniques are a useful tool for predicting the behavior of the climate variables. In this study, using statistical methods, precipitation behavior is analyzed in Khoi meteorological station. For this purpose, statistical data of annual average Precipitation during the period 960- 2011 have been used. Using the methods like Pearson, Spearman and Man-Kendal, we have attempted to investigate the precipitation trend. The results of application of these methods show significant decreasing trend in annual rainfall in Khoi meteorological station. By applying a spectral analysis method based on precipitation data, its full cycle, was evaluated. The results of spectral analysis showed that at 95% confidence level, the first harmony was significant. Finally the Arima model was used to predict annual precipitation in the study area. Four basic models were fitted. Goodness of fit tests, including tests of coefficients, remained independent test of the model, using Akaike and prediction model, indicates that between the four models fitted, Arima model (1, 1, 0) is the best fitted to annual precipitation. Based on this model, Khoi meteorological station annual precipitation was predicted in 95 percent level by 2016.

Soil temperature is one of the most important parameters in the hydrological processes and agricultural studies that it is essential for the measurement and estimation; so far various methods is used to estimate of soil temperature such as regression models and artificial neural network. In the present study in addition to the artificial neural network model, the first time applied genetic programming method are used in estimating soil temperature at various depths in Synoptic stations of Tabriz as a new method of heuristic techniques that able to provide a explicit relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Important meteorological parameters such as average air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed were selected as factors affecting soil temperature at various depths in the 18-year period (1371-1388). Then for evaluate of accuracy each of the mentioned methods, first, was constitution of different combinations of soil temperature values and were used as inputs to these models, likewise in the next step was selected different combinations of various meteorological parameters with delayed by one day as input of model and soil temperature as the output of model.Both models are able to estimate the acceptable temperature at different depths considering the statistical indices and the scatter diagrams. Also were presented the explicit solutions that reflect the relationship between input and output variables, based on genetic programming, which were given priority on the genetic programming model adds another.

One of the basic necessities of the third millennium is providing the transnational functions and consequently suggesting more specialized functions by the metropolis. Functional features and transnational role for metropolises is people, foreign direct investments and commodity flaws. This is shaping for way of placing a national concept in one transnational and global background and recognizing new situation if national metropolises especially in peripheral regions of developing countries in new globalization geography. The main objective of this research is to understand the role and functions of large transnational metropolis of Tabriz to achieve a deeper understanding of the role and assign it to accept the transnational responsibilities and effective functional areas particularly within the periphery countries.In this paper, research method is descriptive–analytic with using network analysis. Results showed that Tabriz has poor connection with around countries citing existence people, foreign direct investments and commodity flaws. Also, Tabriz metropolis region related with around countries primarily, on the other hand relation of Tabriz and around countries is primary stage, and ordinarily closes to mature stage. The witness also of this claim is the aircraft and commodity communication capital flows, foreign direct investments around countries and even some European countries, Russia, America and East Asia.

Rapid growth of cities and its physical development is led to the various crises in the urban life such as environmental problems and life quality decline. This study is aimed to determine the satisfaction of citizens living quality and environment identify variables influencing satisfaction of citizens living in regions 1 and 8 of the comprehensive plan as a Tabriz. Research method was survey- analytical so that required data are collected using questionnaires and have been analyzed with factor analysis test, T- test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on the results, the satisfaction of residents living in areas 1 and 8 Tabriz in 2.862 with a median of 3 has been rated as an average satisfaction of the inhabitants of their residential environment is. Among the seven components of the Pearson correlation coefficient, respondents rate the comfort of the seventh component of residential environment with a significance level of.385, and the correlation coefficient -.045 have bemoaned.

Classification and provision of desertification intensity map, as an efficient tool, has an important role in evaluation of environmental capability and prevention of desertification and reclamation of degraded lands. Therefore, in this research vulnerability assessment of environmental issues to desertification risk has been assessed in Abozydabad region using Modify Numerical Taxonomy (MNT) model. Results show that MNT model has high ability to assess desertification risk and provision of desertification intensity map. Weighted average of the quantitative value of desertification intensity was estimated at 0.54 for all the study area (intense class of desertification risk). The obtained results show that %29.5 of the area has high vulnerability and %2.5 of the area has severe vulnerability to desertification and %68 of the region has moderate vulnerability to desertification. The obtained results provide better planning for desertification minimizing in relation to development projects and the balance between development projects and environment can be possible according to priorities and vulnerability hazard zoning of the area.

Today tourism as the world’s largest service industry has placed a special position in the fields of economics, culture, society and politics. Growth and development of this industry in recent decades in developed and developing countries cause restructure and various social, economic and environmental changes in the host community. One very important aspect of this debate is the impact of tourism on the host community's quality of life. Few studies have been done on this issue and therefore there is limited understanding of this issue. This article with understanding of this issue is trying to assess the effects of tourism on host communities is the quality of life and with this aim the city of Bandar Turkmen has been chosen as the study sample. Method of research is descriptive and analytical and the information was collected through questionnaires in a sample of 375 people of city Bandar Turkmen residents. The calculations is based on factor analysis. For this purpose, 48 indicators were chosen in various aspects of quality of life indicators that have been reduced to four factors, and 77.7 percent of the variance in the fall. Among the top four factors influence the ratio, the economic factors 28.56 percent, social-cultural factors 21.44 percent, physical factors (environmental issues) 15.173 percent, and physical factors (infrastructure) 12.59 percent of the variance are explained.

Housing as a major structural part of the settlement, having major role in the formation of spatial structure and identity of rural architecture, and the most important measure of housing satisfaction can be summed up in its strength. With respect to the unstable in geographical conditions in relation to earthquake as a natural disaster in Iran, and thanks to its non-compliance with technical standards in the construction, the use of traditional and non-resistant building materials and housing was worn, leading to greater vulnerability of rural settlements to earthquake disaster. The aim of this study was to investigate the situation and determine the vulnerability of rural housing in Sjasroud County in Zanjan Province. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews and analyzed through SPSS statistical tests. The results of data analysis shows low local capacity to deal with housing in earthquake vulnerability among families, and of inadequate local capacity allocated to physical capacity of housing. In addition, regression analysis showed that the local capacity for economic and physical factors, respectively, with 0.491 and 0.298 the highest level of institutional and social factors, with 0.126 and 0.160 having the lowest impact on the vulnerability of housing in study area.

Preservation of water resources is the main purpose of watershed management operations. To evaluate watershed response to mechanical operations in order to increase water storage, this research was conducted in Gav-Darreh watershed, Kordestan, Iran. The watershed area is 6.27 km2 which has been subjected to mechanical operations to prevent water and soil losses. The dimensions of constructed check dams and related reservoirs and their spatial distribution were recorded. The data were used to derive the volume of retained water and sediments. The hydrology was modeled using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model, and watershed changes were quantified with site survey. Actual storms were used to calibrate and validate HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model. The calibrated HEC-HMS model was used to simulate before and after mechanical operation stream flows and to forecast the impact of check dams effects on runoff storage. The model was used both for entire watershed and an individual sub-watershed with most mechanical operations. In case of entire watershed, the results show that the practices had insignificant impacts on the runoff storage, and conversely the contribution of the basin management at individual sub-watershed was significant.

Quantitative assessment of watershed management activities in order to analyze of impact and their improve decision making on the correct implementation of these activities are necessary. This study was evaluated the effect of watershed management activities on flood in the Tezerjan watershed by using the HEC-HMS model. This research done for the comparison of discharge variations before and after watershed management activities. To determine the effects of mechanical and biological activities, the computed concentration time, and Curve Number (CN) was evaluated in the field. Validation and calibration were done with observed data, and flood hydrograph was simulated with return periods of 2 till 1000 years before and after the structures operation. Based on the simulation results, the effect of mechanical and biological activities and combinedactivities on reduction of their peak discharges was 6.44%, 0.66% and 7.19%, respectively. On the other hand, by increasing the return period, structure effects on the reduction of peak discharge was decreased. The effect of biological activities was more important on return periods till 10 years. Combination of mechanical and biological activities had most effect on the reduction of peak discharge.

To improve our understanding of geomorphological features, morphodynamic systems, process-form relationships analysis, and in an aplication view: protection of biological capabilities of Jolfa-Hadishahr tectonic depression, we performed ergodic method and Facies Architecture Analysis in diverse spatial period. The plain has located between southern Aras river caostline and a part of Ghareh-Dagh mountain chain along Aras river. We forced our evolution reconstruction of landscape with field studies and followed of strata surfaces of Quaternary sediments. The role of tectonic activities in plain construction and structure, resulting from tentional movements, plain landscape, and Quaternary alluvial fans structures and accomodation spaces are imparative. Results showed that tectonic activities and lithological properties are more effective factors on morphometric charactristics of geomorphologic units. The plain is a pedimont and the Dara-Diz alluvial fan is the main geomorphological unit on it. The deletion of Quaternary unconsolidated conglomerate cap deposits on marly Miocene formations is the main problem on the plain. The type of geomorphic response to human impacts on earth surface processes described here may represent a manifestation of geomorphic change.

The research methodology is “descriptive - analytic” and we used Delphi method to assess and priority survey the urban transport sustainable indicator in Ahvaz. To achieve these objectives, indicators of sustainable urban transport in three dimensions: economic sustainability, social dynamics and environmental sustainability with 30 variables were categorized and selected, and for this indicators assessment and priority surveying, we used the opinions of 30 experts in three part: university professors, eight Ahvaz urban region municipality and urban Transport organization authorities. For analyzing the achieved data, we weighted them by Triangular fuzzy numbers, and analyzed in fuzzy logarithmic least squares (FLLS). The research results showed that, economic sustainability indicators in three parts by the weight of at least 0.447 mean weights 0.578 and a maximum weight of 0.689 fuzzy weight, More weight of indicators of sustainable transport infrastructure in the city of Ahvaz is the main priority. In the part of research variables, infrastructure facilities variable and resources for electronic communications on economic stability indicators, support safety and security in the social sustainability indicator and finally the reduction of air and water pollutants in environmental sustainability indicators have the highest weights.

Geography is normally meant based on its mutual relations with human, but nowadays, without considering the functions and roles of these elements. The new areas of space have been formed which due to its relation with geographical scope, shows a new form of geographical space.The quest of human to create a new world parallel to the natural world because of having relations between human and his environment by trial and error of experience and science, made researchers and scientists to pay attention to the structures based on the simulators of their interest so that to reduce the maternal and spiritual expenses and time for the speed of science. Therefore, the virtual space comes from the cybernetics, the relation between human and machines, which creates virtual realities, virtual simulating patterns and cyberspace in its developed from to consider the over increasing technology and the function of virtual space in human’s life and the dependence of human on virtual space, this question rises, can we define a certain geography for cyberspace? And how can its component parts effect on the relation between human and physical geography.This study is going to answer these questions by means of descriptive-analysis method, by this it seems that there is a significant relation between the developments of communicating technology and geography which led to the growth in the areas of network space geography. Therefore, considering the growth of function of virtual space, all trends of geography have been under influence and formed the data scape in this arena.