GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2018 | Volume:18 | Issue:61 |Papers Count:19

Much of the identity, location, orientation, human action and character attributes. Election phenomenon has been studied in various disciplines, especially political geography in the study of the spatial distribution of power within the interaction space and would be a choice. Vjstar homeland of fundamental concepts in science is considered. Among the factors affecting the birthplace of the base vote for candidates is obtained. The peak of this effect in the first round of the ninth presidential election in the Eleventh its weak effect can be observed. The study is descriptive in nature and the data and information needed by the library collection is based on the assumption that the operations of voting birthplace of development discourse function, equivalent to the presidential candidates and the ineffectiveness of the dominant discourse. The research result shows that the results of the presidential election eleventh most divisive issues such as the function of the fundamentalists, conservatives ten years of management incompetence, Frazadbvmy approach the presidential candidates.

Introduction Natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes and landslides as the main hazards and potentially serious threated to the physical development of the many city in the world. Izeh urban catchment area of 348/11 km square and is located in the East of the Khuzestan province. This region Climate is humid and In terms of tectonic divisions, the study area is located in the Zagros folded zone. It's a plain block and graben formed in an environment with potential natural hazards in developing. Because of the importance of this issue, this paper attempts to examine the efficacy of the new models with different fits most risks in this area has focused on urban planning and environmental consequences of them to sustainable urban development. Materials and methods This study is based on the documentary sources, field work, and fuzzy methods, geographic information system (GIS) and Idrisi Kilimanjaro are completed. The landslide hazard zoning in the study area consists of 8 layers Such as (Elevation, slope, Formations, distance from fault, distance from the stream, land use, rainfall, distance from drainage, slope) was used. For flood hazard zoning we are utilized of 7 layers such as, precipitation, distance from drainage, the basin slope, lithology Formations, land use, slope. Also for seismic hazard zonation 5 layers such as, long of the faults, distance from the fault, geological formations, underground water depth we were used. After preparing all the required layers and each layer separately were categorized. Then to classify and standardize the layers on the basis of membership in the fuzzy function. In the next phase of operational testing with multi-criteria decision-making models TOPSIS and WLC models (MCDM) for hazard zoning and compare the outputs of these procedures were performed. Results and discussion Due to the importance risk of the floods, landslides and earthquakes in the physical development of Izeh, the different layers of information as factors for the city of Izeh in the relevant software was developed. The result of this research on the occurrence of landslides among the effective factors in study area are showed, the factor of height and lithology formation have greatest effect. The output from the TOPSISS model indicated about 7. 6 % of the study area are located on the high risk zone. Also WLC models also are shoved about the 22 % of the area at risk for high to very high landslide risk. Flood hazard zonation mapping analysis shows that the method is ideal catchment area most at risk of flooding (33 percent) above shows. While in high risk flood zone WLC model is about 21%. The results of seismic hazard zonation map method TOPSISS 29 percent High and very high risk, and more than half of the area (59. 8%) in the low to very low risk of earthquakes has been classifieds. While the WLC model, about 38% of the area at risk of earthquakes is high to very high. Conclusion In this study, we analyze three important geomorphological hazards and. Among the influencing factors on landslides occurrence in the region's geological factors as the most important factor in building height and mistakes were. The most important factor showery rainfall and severe flooding in the catchment area. Seismicity in the region is the most important factor in long-flute seismicity and active faults. The probability of occurrence of earthquakes with large scale it is more predictable. The overview of the outputs obtained from the two models can Izeh the expansion of the city towards the east and southeast regions are faced with a dilemma. It is because these areas are primarily at risk from flooding and landslides. The development of the western areas faced with the threat of earthquakes, so the optimum location for future expansion of the city's central basin. The results of the models showed that the risk of landslides, floods and earthquakes with TOPSIS model, respectively 35%, 33%, 29%, and the model of WLC, 22 percent, 21 percent, 38 percent of the area in the fall. These areas were identified as areas of high risk and very high. Comparison of the results showed that susceptibility to landslide and flood WLC model to model TOPSIS, tend to show that it is closer to reality. In addition TOPSIS models, the best model in relation to the hazard of earthquakes were detected.

One of the natural disasters that each year around the world provides a great human and financial losses are caused by Thunderstorms and related its phenomena. To investigate the spatial distribution of thunderstorms 16 Stations North West meteorological data with common statistical 22-year period (2009-1988) was taken from the National Weather Service. Then the codes of thunderstorms (17, 29 and 91 to 99) was extracted. Since the identification of phenomena detected a significant role in its behavior over time and space. Therefore, to study the spatial pattern of thunderstorms and analysis of spatial autocorrelation, Anselin Local Moran's Index was used. The results showed that the maximum area of ​ ​ thunderstorms is adapted to highland areas. While the peak time of thunderstorms in May and June has occurred. The results of partial correlation and linear regression showed that the geographic factors such as altitude, latitude and longitude the influence of height is more powerful than the two other factors.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the situation of E-citizen and the acceptance of IT among people. The Somple size was determined using Cochran test and Simple random sampling among 383 samples in two regions with regard to the population of each region. Cronbach’ s Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the test, obtained result (0. 74) showed the good reliability of the questionnaire. For the purpose of the study, descriptive-analytical methar was used based on documental and field studies. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. To analyze the data, the SPSS software and (Pearson and multivariate factor analysis) was used. To investigate the indices of the E-citizen, CSPP was used. The results of the study also showed that there is a significant correlation between information knowledge and acceptance of information technology in Region 1and8 Both regions with the significant level of (sig= 0. 000). In the hypothesis of the effect of E-citizen indicators in acceptance of technology components, 20 indicators were presented in Region 1 as a combination of 5 significant factors. The percentage contribution of each factor in technology adoption has been found. The percentage of contribution of each factor is also proven in acceptance of technology. In Region 8, 20 E-citizen indicators were presented in 6 factors. The percentage of contribution of each factor in technology adoption among people of Region 8 were determined

Soil erosion is a natural process that has become a major global environmental threat as a result of human activities such as irrational land conversion and vegetation degradation. The purpose of this research is to model spatial distribution of likely soil erosion by water in Gharesoo watershed, assess the impacts of land use and slope on erosion rate, and identify soil erosion hotspots and prioritize them. For prioritization, the affected land patches with the highest potential and the effects of landuse and slope were studied. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used in conjunction with Geographic Information system (GIS) to model soil erosion. The average soil erosion in the watershed was 18. 65 t ha-1 yr-1. The slight, moderate and severe erosion classes encompass 62%, 26% and 12% of the watershed, respectively. Assessing the impacts of land use and slope confirms importance of interaction between these factors in increasing soil erosion, especially in agricultural areas with steep slopes. Zonal land suitability was used to delineate 15 patches as hotspots of soil erosion based on the RUSLE outcome. The results of this research reveals location and priority of land patches for implementation of mitigation measures such as terracing and vegetation rehabilitation, along with land use planning to reduce erosion and prevent it's negative impacts on environment and economy.

Geotechnical studies to identify physical properties of soils is important in designs. Borehole drilling, sampling and geotechnical tests in addition to cost and time may lead to irreparable losses, such as gas pipelines, reversal of nearby buildings and so on. In conventional buildings using spatial interpolation methods can be made to solve this problem without the performing required examinations. In the study, geostatistical methods such as kriging, inverse distance weighted, radial basis functions, local polynomial and global polynomial is used for estimating the allowable resistance. The results indicate that the interpolation methods, ordinary kriging with spherical model with the greatest correlation and least squares error (R2 =NASH=0/94, NRMSE =0/018) is the best method to estimate allowable soil resistance.

Given the variety of climates in Iran, different approaches have been adopted, since long time ago, to make harsh environments tolerable. In this respect, architects tired to take the utmost advantage of climatic conditions. A typical example for this is ice houses. The ice needed for ice houses was provided during the freezing months of the year to be saved and used in hot summers. Thanks to their technical mastery and experience, architects designed the structural elements of an ice house. The icehouses were generally constructed in hot regions where the number of freezing nights of the year and the temperature difference between winter days and nights was considerable. However, ice houses can be seen in cold climates as well. Ice houses can be divided into two distinct structural spaces: ice-producing space and ice-keeping space. The former includes a shading wall and an ice-producing pool. The latter includes a ice-keeping pit. The structural spaces of ice houses may differ from each other depending on location and climatic conditions. Data were gathered through library sources and field studies. First, different climates of the hot regions in the country and their impact on the ice houses were studied. In this respect, the angle of solar radiation, the number of freezing days of the year and the direction of dominant wind are among the most important factors. The cities with highest number of ice houses were selected. Also, the climates examined included cold, desert hot and dry and semi-desert hot and dry. In practice, the regions with traditional ice houses were detected. Then, the climatic conditions of the regions were studied based on recorded tables, diagrams and climatic regimes in Iran. There was no major change in local climates since the time of constructing ice houses. Therefore, it was possible to determine the climate at the time of constructing ice houses under study. In order to classify ice houses in terms of structural and formal features, 6 kinds of ice houses were examined in different regions. Of the important factors influencing the form of ice houses is geographical conditions of the region in where the ice house has been built. In this study, the impact of each geographical factors, as classified by other researchers, on the structural elements of ice houses was examined. The number and kind of structural elements of ice houses depend on latitude, the angle of solar radiation and the average temperature of winter in the region. From the northern towards southern parts of the country, whereas the latitude and the number of freezing days decrease, regional temperature and the angle of solar radiation increase. On this basis, the structural and formal characteristics of ice houses may change. For example, the simplest form of ice houses, including just one pit, can be seen in cold regions (mountainous parts of the country in north west side). In desert hot and dry regions of the country, however, ice houses have different structural elements. The form of ice houses is, to a large extent, under the influence of the angle of solar radiation. For instance, in cold regions of the country ( northern cities) ice houses lack shading wall due to oblique solar radiation. On the contrary, as we approach the central regions, the height of shading walls increases; in desert climate, ice houses have the tallest shading walls. Likewise, ice keeping spaces are usually on the ground surface in regions where solar radiation has no major impact on them. However, as the angle of solar radiation increases, the ice-keeping spaces have also taller walls to keep off the solar heat. In addition, in regions where the sun radiates almost vertically, the ice-keeping spaces have been built in the northern side of shading walls to escape from solar heat as much as possible. Similarly, wherever the number of freezing days has been considerable, the structure of ice houses is as simple as possible. The direction of dominant wind is also an important factor when building an ice house. For example, in cold regions, the shading walls have been built in the same direction of the dominant wind.

As a developed and institutionalized concept, sustainable development has become a comprehensive framework for understanding and analyzing the issues that cities face. As geographical systems, small towns have been created under the influence of space-making factors and forces in a spatial-temporal process, and have always been developed by internal and external process (social, economic, environmental and spatial). As a vital and inseparable ring of settlement at the national, regional and local levels, these towns consist of interrelated components and their sustainable development will result in local and regional sustainable development. Therefore, sustainable development of small towns is an important process and fundamental approach which formed the main framework of the present study. In this regard, physical sustainability concept in the sustainability framework of small towns shows the balance and vibrancy of these small settlements in relation to physical – spatial structures, so that it guarantees the sustainability of settlements in the spatiotemporal trends. So it can be considered a process of development and change, with the aim of improving the quality and quantity of the city's physical structure, among which identifying and strengthening the physical sustainability indicators seeking to improve the physical quality of human settlements and living and working environments of all people, especially poor people, on the way to sustainability is an issue of paramount importance. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify and explain the trend of development changes in physical-infrastructural structure of small towns, and to increase the conceptual-functional importance of physical indicators in small towns of the province. Sustainability Barometer model and radar were used for analyzing the data. The statistical population used in this study consisted of small towns in Mazandaran province. The results show that only the component of functional integration in small towns was in moderate sustainability level, and components of places and facilities qualities were in poor sustainability conditions. Overall, the results indicate that there is weak sustainability in physical dimension of urban sustainable development in small towns.

The emergence of environmental issues and the increasing trend which is the subject of many experts which will be studied within the framework of environmental education. Because through technology development and human activity, areas of damage to the environment have increased among these activities is the development of tourism. What is noteworthy in this context, the role and impact of rural tourism in shaping environmental problems for tourism destinations? For tourists in case of environmental literacy necessary and sufficient cause irreparable environmental damage to the environment as well. The aim of this research is to study the environmental literacy of rural tourism in the three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and behavior. The study is descriptive and analytical methodology that has been done through library and field data collection. The study consisted of all tourists Shirvan city's tourism target villages that whit Using of Cochran formula 204 tourists as they were selected as sample. The main research tool is a questionnaire which the validity of that gain from expert panel and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the research through T test showed that the level of knowledge and awareness, environmental behavior of rural tourism is at an intermediate level. The correlation test indicated that the environmental aspects of literacy (knowledge, attitude, behavior) there is a significant relationship. Finally, it became clear VIKOR Tourists who studied areas in terms of knowledge, attitudes and environmental behavior was different and not equal.

One of the concerns of people in the mountainous areas is snow avalanche. In this article avalanche zoning as a hazard using artificial neural networks and hierarchical analysis has been acting. AHP to improve the training sample is conducted in GIS. This method applied at basin sirvan in the South West of kurdistan province that have high potential for avalanche risk, . For this purpose, First it was necessary avalanche pathways that in them avalanche was happened, Field visits were conducted and their coordinates were taken. A literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting this process. Based on studies slope, aspect, elevation, convexity and concavity, distance from roads and land use were selected. Map of hierarchical classification analysis of each class of 20 samples were used to train the neural network. Perceptron neural network to assess these variables with the six input layer, a hidden layer, six nodes per layer with learning rate 0. 01 with two linear sigmoid function as the optimal structure by trial and error be accepted. Evaluation of these variables using neural networks shows that more than 86 percent of the study area is among the areas with high potential risk of avalanche. In order to validate these models from observational data available that demonstrates the success and effectiveness of both function but with low priority for linear function.

Differentiate and spatial inequality in the structural and spatial dimensions is one of the most important issues in country development and planning. Indeed, derangement in planning and policy process and inequality in services, general facilities and infrastructures among human habitats has been result from spatial inequality. The research with emphasis on fieldwork and analysis methods has an important aim that is assessment of effective processes in spatial inequality of urban facilities in Tehran's districts. However, this study is based on Fieldwork and descriptive data which accomplished in Tehran Metropolitan. 384 people in this research have been choice by use of Morgan sampling method. Moreover, T test and Vikor multi-criteria decision making model in SPSS and GIS applied for data analysis and map drawing. Total results have been demonstrate that in Land-use distribution process and standard per capita, educational Land-use with-69. 156 m2 and transportation with-26. 382 m2 for one people have high spatial inequality and residential Land-use and security services have least spatial inequality. In the base of T test, Social index is most important in spatial inequality with 1. 059 T score. Fiscal result from Vikor model show that in services and facilities distribution range; 16 districts with 1Qi score is best urban area and 6 districts with 0. 004Qi score have minimal urban services. Therefore, inequality in distribution of urban services and facilities is obvious phenomena in Tehran's urban districts. Development of structural and general investment in all districts and regions with square distribution approach, optimization of political and social partnership between people and urban managers and planning base on citizen needs and according to cultural, economic and social structure are the best strategies in order to generate of spatial justice.

Changes resulting from changes in land use and land cover is one of the most important factors in the instability of rural settlements in recent decades. Monitoring of land cover pattern and simulation of future changes is an essential and vital issue for Planning of Ecological Resource Management. this issue in natural environment of guilan due to unique forest conditions is crucial in the sustainability of rural settlements. This study analyzed changes in land cover of rural areas at East guilan (AstanehAshrafieh, Siahkal, Lahijan & Langerood with area of 2260 km2) over 3 periods. 1989-TM, 2000 – ETM & 2015 land sat 8 images were processed. In order to prediction of changes in land cover untill 2030probability matrix of changes in 6 classes (including urban, rice field, gardens, water source, forests & lands without cover) was calculated. all analyses were performed using markov chain model & cellular automata. Results of changes detection between 1989-2015 show that area of rice fields, forests & lands without cover has been decreased, but area of urban regions & gardens has been increased. According to these results, instability of rural settlements will escalate, if there is no fundamental action in making policy for conservation of resources. Results of simulation of future confirms this issue as well. Assessments predict that until 2030, area of rice fields will be reduced 800 hectares. area of urban regions and gardens will be increased respectively 5300 and 4500 hectares.