Legal Research
Year:2009 | Volume:- | Issue:49|Papers Count:17

When Mirzaye-e-Shirazi passed away (1230-1312) samurra Seminary in Iraq closed, however, the reason for its closure is not clear. With the closure of the Seminary most of its scholars, professors and students dispersed to various regions, some of them departed to Najaf while others went to Karbala. As a result Najaf Seminary quickly developed and during this period two methods of jurisprudence that possessed similar and different characteristics were established. These methods are as follows:Technical Jurisprudence;Common JurisprudenceThe first method was led by Mulla Mohammad Kazem Khorasani and the second one by Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabaee.In this article the author presents characteristics of the first method there after a brief description of the school of Khorassani's jurisprudence and its methods are mentioned.

Dans les revues juridiques qui sont publiees regulierement dans les divers pays du monde, une section est habituelement consacree a la jurisprudence. Celle- ci est en general sujet des analyses et des observations des juristes competents en la matiere. Cet effort est utile aussi bien pour les magistrats et les avocats que pour les etudiants des facultes de droit.Malheureeusement, les decisions rendues par des juridictions iranienne ne sont pas toujours publiees. C'est ainsi que si on a l'occasion de trouver un jugement ou un arret qui mrerite d'etre commentes, on ne doit pas hesiter a le fair et de porter a la connaissance du public.Le jugement cite et commente ci-apres a ete rendu par un tribunal qui se trouve dans une ville portuaire dans le sud du pays a Tchabahar. Le jugement porte sur la responsabilte du transporteur maritime. Le magistrat qui a rendu cette decision n'a pas depouille to us les aspets du sujets en question. Ce commentaire essaie de montrer des lacunes du jugement et de mettre en lumiere l'aspet essentiel du droit.

Existence of fault is one of the most important elements of governmental tort liability. Artificiality of government personality and diversity on its jurisdiction give rise to two different approaches in determination of this main feature of government civil liability. In the first approach, referred as negative approach, the fault of government can be defined only by establishing the personal fault. From this perspective the fault of government is the negligence that can not be personal. In this way, when we talking about personal fault, we mean the acts that are not public and the actions that can be describe administrative negligence. The first one is the act that is ultra virus or be deliberate. The administrative fault not ultra virus nor deliberate rather, it is established when the public officer don't respect his or her technical duties. In contrast, in positive approach, the definition of government fault is not depend on personal fault description. Precisely it is referred when there is the breach of duties that established for government by itself and when there is quantitative or qualitative weaknesses on tools that used by public authorities or their staff.

The assassination of Rafiq Hariri, the former prime minster of Lebanon and his accompanying persons at 14 February 2005 gave an opportunity to the international community to bring the crime of terrorism into justice by a special tribunal. This Tribunal is a forum beyond a national court. It was established by the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and an agreement between the UN and the Lebanon government. The crime of terrorism, as well as, conspiracy, sectarian violence and civil war related crimes are under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. Lebanen Criminal Law is the applicable criminal law of the Tribunal and the Chambers of the Tribunal compose both Lebanese and the international judges. The establishment of the Lebanon Special Tribunal is important not for giving more clarity to the different dimensions of the crime of terrorism but because it can be considered as a further step towards expanding fight against impunity. Since by this time, the jurisdiction of all the international crimes such as War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity and Genocide. Where as, Lebanon Special Tribunal has extended the scope of fighting against International Crimes by adjudging the crime of terrorism. The structure, organs, jurisdiction, and the procedure of this Tribunal have optimistically increased the possibility of the suppression of terrorism despite the political considerations.

L'obligation d'information lato sensu a pour fondement le desequilibre existant entre les connaissances de chaque contractant ou partenaire lors de la neqociation d'un contrat ainsi que lors de son execution. Ce desequilibre est en principe presume en raison de l'inegalite qui apparait dans les competences, notamment entre celles des professionnels et celles des consommateurs.D'ailleurs, l'obligation jurisprudentielle d'information a un champ d'application plus large dans la mesure ou elle existe chaque fois qu'une personne possede une information que le contractant a interet a connaitre. A cet egard, elle n'est pas limitee aux rapports entre professionnels et consommateurs. La partie la plus faible ne doit pas torcement etre un consommateur, ce peut etre simplement une partie qui fait un contrat avec un professionnel dans un domaine ou elle est elle-meme normalement incompetente.En repondanta un besoin lie au developpement du consumerlsme, ainsi qu'a une reatite econornique, le fabricant est debiteur de l'obligation d' information. En effet, il connait bien son produit mis sur le marche.Cette connaissance du fabricant est l'origine de son devoir.Dans le cas ou le vendeur n'a pas fabrique lui-meme l'objet achete par le consommateur, la jurisprudence admet que le consommateur (qui est un sous-acquereur) puisse engager la responsabilite du fabricant. Elle considere que la responsabilite est de nature contractuelle bien que le fabricant ne so it pas lie par contrat au consommateur. En cas d'inobservation de l'obligation d' information lato sensu, la jurisprudence a accepte l'action contractuelle directe, dans les chaines translatives de propriete. Egalement, dans le cas ou des contrats d'entreprise s'intercalent dans la chaine de contrats, l'action directe a ete qualifiee de contractuelle.Selon M. Calais-Auloy, la solution jurisprudentielle est parfaitement justlfiee. Car, Ie fabricant connait, mieux que le distributeur, la tacon d'utiliser le produit. Mais, la consideration jurisprudentielle concemant la responsabilite contractuelle est difficile a comprendre. En effet, le fabricant n'est pas lie par contrat au consommateur final. Sans doute serait-il plus clair d'admettre qu'il existe une responsabilite professionnelle et qu'elle echappe a la distinction classique entre responsabilite contractuelle et responsabilite delictuelte.II parait qu'une obligation d'information lato sensu est mise a la charge du fabricant parla jurisprudence. En effet, le fabricant est tenu d'informer de tacon explicite sur l'utilisation. Cependant, on estime que les interrnediaires professionnels, dans une chaine de contrats, ne sont pas a l'abri de la responsabilite. L'obligation d' information pese egalement sur le revendeur, mais a condition que ce dernier soit un specialiste et non pas un quelconque distributeur. Les intermediaires professionnels doivent alors, prendre soin de transmettre, preciser et eventuellement corriger les informations fournies par le fabricant. lis doivent informer leur client de l'aptitude du materiel propose a l'utilisation qui en etait prevue. Le vendeur professionnel et le fabricant sont censes connaitre parfaitement la chose qu'ils vendent, ils ne doivent pas pour autant se contenter de satisfaire la curiosite de l'acheteur. lis doivent prendre l'initiative de communiquer ce qu'ils savent a leur cocontractant.Le vendeur professionnel et le prestataire de services sont egalement, les debiteurs d'une obligation d'information lato sensu.

Au stade actuel de L'etat du droit, to us les systemes Juridiques saccordent sur la necessite dela publication du contrat de vente immobiliere. Ceux-ci n'accordent pourtant pas tous le meme effet a la publicite forciere. Par exemple, en droit allemand, la publictie est necessaire pour le transfert de propriete a l'acheteur, alors qu'en droit francais celle-ci est une condition pour l'opposabtlite du contrat aux tiers.Les Juristes iraniens se divergent sur la question. Alors, dans cet article on essaie de trouver une solution adequate pour le droit iranien en examinant le droit francais.

In this article the authors intend to critically analyze the negative effects of state policies on child abuse and its deterioration. It is argued that the state has a great responsibility in creating and nurturing policies and their implementation on the subject i.e. child abuse, because the state possesses a wide range of facilities and resources. Thus ill policy-making and mal-function of state institution can have a deep effect on any social issue including child abuse. In developing countries states normally over- intervene in social matters. This could prevent infiltration of human rights issues and thoughts in to the body politics and therefore to its policy-making and implementation of such policies. This is exacerbated in the lights of state ill -economy weak institutions and so on. Furthermore policies which are not backed-up by academic research and empirical data create a big gap between policy and practice on the one hand and social realities on the other. In such a situation it is very likely that political and legal systems either advertently or inadvertently create situations where social problems such as child abuse would emerge and develop.

On of the important conditions of enjoying the right of equitable (fair) trial is hearing the claims and complaints as well as rendering judgements at the earliest possible time. If a criminal proceeding is unreasonably, irrationally and illegally prolonged, it will certainly ruin a faor [pceedomg; even though a sentence is issued in favour of owner of the right. As a matter of fact, adjudicating in a short time is fairer than adjudicating in almost a long term. In this present article, the writer is trying to discuss the most important humanitarian factors by which directly and indirectly cause unusual prolongation of hearing. Then, in another article the writer will discuss other non - humanitarian factors related to the issue.

La portee de la presomption d'innocence deborde aujourd'hui la seul procedure penale. Desormais. sans tenir compte de la nature de sanction et/ou du statut juridictionnel ou non-juridictionnel de l'autorite impliquee dans le proces, toute personne poursuivie doit beneficier de la presomption d'innocence des le premier stade du proces. De surcroit, outre les autorites impliquees dans un proces, toute autre autorite publique et les medias sont tenue de respecter ce principe. En effet, prenant acte de la notion de matiere penale deqaqee par le juge de la Convention europeenne des droits de l'homme, le droit francais a etendu le champ d'application dece principe aux sanctions administratives. Ceci etant, on ne devrait pas exaqerer ace propos. D'une part, vu la nature du proces administratif repressif et en raison du cumul simultane des trois phases de poursuite, d'instruction et de jugement par la rnerne autorite, le mode de fonctionnement de la repression administrative complique quelque peu l'insertion de la presornption d'innocence comme regie procedurale de base. En fait, la notion merne d'inculpation se concilie difficilement avec la presornption d'innocence. En outre, le principe de la presornption de legalite de l'acte administratif rend plus fragile l'adrninlstre face a l'administration qui est d'ailleurs juge et partie.

This paper seeks to reveal the legal nature of the non - governmental organizations in the framework of the Iranian legal System. According to the main hypothesis of this article, N.G.Os are some organizations which are not under the sovereignty of states, and they are not beneficial and they are not political. Also the functions of these organizations are integrated with the aims and ideals of Iranian constitution. This hypothesis has been considered with the interpretation method; and the findings of the paper demonstrate the authenticity of the mentioned hypothesis.

The President of the Republic in France shall be elected for five years by direct universal suffrage. Nobody may be elected more than two successive terms. The President shall be elected by an absolute majority of the votes cast. Balloting shall be begun by a writ of election issued by the Government. The election of the new President shall be held not less than twenty days and not more than thirty-five days before the expiry of the term of the President in office. In the case of a vacancy, or where the incapacity of the President is declared permanent by the Constitutional Council, the ballot for the election of the new President shall, except in the event of a finding by the Constitutional Council of force majeure, be held not less than twenty days and not more than thirty-five days after the beginning of the vacancy or the declaration that the incapacity is permanent. The death or incapacitation of each presidential candidate may under some conditions postpone the time of election celeberation and the next presidential election. If, in the seven days preceding the last day for lodging presentations of candidature, any of the persons who, less than thirty days prior to that day, have publicly announced their decision to be a candidate dies or becomes incapacitated, the Constitutional Council may decide to postpone the election. If, before the first ballot, any of the candidates dies or becomes incapacitated, the Constitutional Council shall declare the election postponed. In the event of the death or incapacitation of either of the two candidates in the lead in the first ballot before any withdrawals, the Constitutional Council shall declare that the electoral procedure must be repeated in full. The Constitutional Council shall ensure the proper conduct of the election of the President of the Republic. It shall examine complaints and shall declare the results of the vote.

It is possible for proofing the crimes from two ways. This two method including direct and indirect evidence. Confession and testimony referred to former. In this paper We want to assess the presumption as one of methods for proofing the crimes that very cases is solved with it.

Islamic councils have been formed 8 years a go. Although the record of codifying council related laws refer to 100 years a go (Conditional Revolution), but by passing the increasing ambiguity and elaborations in councils stand. Studying the different concils, relation with legislative and executive powers and searching stand of councils in legal and political systems has come in this research some account councils as a parcel of executive power because the councils have the most relation with that power. Others also try to account them as a parcel of Islamic Consultative Assembly in row of country legislative power. Each of them has their own logic, but the writer believes that allocating the seventh article and knowing as the determinant foundation in country in Islamic Republic Constitutional Law of Iran, it accounts the council independent from other powers. In result, the council as a special organ in applying sovereignty should have a particular stand in local affairs in country.