WOMEN'S STRATEGIC STUDIES (KETABE ZANAN)
Year:2016 | Volume:18 | Issue:71|Papers Count:6

Over the last few years the attitude towards caesarian has dramatically increased beyond a personal conduct among the Iranian women that has attracted the social researchers’ attention. Some contextual conditions related to women attitudes to voluntarily caesarian and their existential experience has been analyzed in this paper. Therefore, 15 women who passed through caesarian at Laleh Hospital in Tehran at the time of research were interviewed based on interpretational framework and applying qualitative method. According to the results, fear of pain and side effects of vaginal delivery constructed by doctors and relatives were the main reason to choose caesarian over natural delivery by women. The considerable point was that none of the research participants were directed by their doctors to learn about natural delivery preparation either mentally or physically. It seems that women attitudes to caesarian might be moderated by increasing awareness about advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of childbirth, improve quality of vaginal delivery, giving information about new methods of natural delivery like water birth and their coverage by insurance companies, cultural development of traditional or complementary medicine and better surveillance on voluntarily caesarian. Finally, women empowerment in term of cognitive, personal and physical aspects would be a very fruitful factor in this regard.

Below replacement fertility (<2.1 children) appeared since 2006 in Iran which has generated many concerns. Below replacement fertility represent some rise in single child fertility behavior. Accordingly, main question of this study is that “what is interpretation and understanding of men and women resided in Tehran on rationales and motivations of having one child”. In addition, “what underlying factors are responsible for such decision?” To answer this question a number of 14 semistructured in depth interviews were conducted with men and women who are about to marry, and those who were married with no children, married people who had one child younger than 5 years of age and those who were at the end of their reproductive age and had single child and resided in Tehran. Theoretical underpinning of the questions derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior, Second demographic Transition, and Social Cognitive Theory. In depth interviews were coded openly using conventional content analysis. Then, based on manifest common meaning and constant comparison method, open codes were categorized into main categories and subcategories. Results showed that decision to have one child is in fact “a strategy for making a balance between all circumstances at the individual, conjugal, family and environmental levels”. This decision is the outcome of an interaction between “sum of attitudes, feelings, and skills in favor of having single child”, “unsupportive domain of conjugal interaction for childbearing”, “unsupportive domain of extended family for childbearing”, and finally “unsupportive domain of society for childbearing”. Hence, in line with pronatalist policies, complexity of such decision and behavior is necessary to be considered. According to these findings, pronatalist Interventions should consider enhancement of occupational security for employed women, promotion of quality of childcare facilities, changing the norms of ideal number of children, enhancement of sense of social and economic security in the family and enhancement of family relationship.

This study aims to identify Social and Cultural factors affecting the Body Management among Women in Kashan. Thus, by using the ideas of the experts, such as Bourdieu, Goffman and Featherstone, formulate hypotheses and using Survey Method and Questionnaire, studied 320 women. The findings of the present study, that was aimed to test hypotheses about the relationship between the variables of the research, indicated that it was parallel to the increase in the Use of Media, Social Capital, Cultural Capital, Religious Beliefs and Social Acceptance, women tendency to the Body Management increases. Results of Regression Analysis suggest that Religious Beliefs, The use of Media and Social Acceptance variables have explained about 49 percent of Body Management changes among women. Also, Path analysis shows that the variables of Religious Beliefs and The use of Media have the most direct positive impact on women’s attention to the Body Management. As a result, we see that Kashsn women, regardless of their intellectual and religious orientation, have gravitated to the Body Management. In this context, the impact of rising Global Communications and access to New Communication and Information Channels also caused a range Cultural Change in different Groups and the various strata of society, especially among women.

One of the most important social paths or social problems is divorce. Emotional divorce is considered as the first stage of divorce process that reflects the declining marital life that cordiality and unity has been replaced by the bitter feeling of alienation. The present article study the related social factors with emotional divorce among the married persons in Shiraz. The research method is quantitative and survey that has been done by using questionnaire as a gathering data technique. The sample study of this research was 384 married persons that for declining error increased to 392 persons. The method of selected sampling was multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings showed: the amount of emotional divorce was high and, the relation between traditional life style and computer use with emotional divorce is meaningful and direct; while the relation between modern life style and social networks use with emotional divorce is meaningful but negative, it means the more the modern life style and social network use exist between partners the less the emotional divorce is experienced. Multiple regression analysis also showed the four variables include traditional life style, modern life style, computer use and pretending life style could explain criterion variable (emotional divorce).

Prerequisite for any development of economic, social, political and cultural is sense of security. Awareness of the feeling of security of the inhabitants of a community has an important role in the understanding of the challenge and provides the development strategies in its community. One of the most important issues that affect the development of groups of people, access of women like men to feel secure. This is for headed household women in the community more tangible. The aim of present study is to examine the relationship between socio-economic factors with a sense of security (in eight dimensions include cultural, legal, financial, emotional, ethical, and emotional truth) among the headed household women covered by welfare Ramhormoz City. The Statistical Society of this research include all covered women of welfare Ramhormoz City that 224 headed household women chosen by Cochran formula as the sample size and with a simple random sampling method. Findings show relationship between the level of education, attitude to coverage, income, and social support, cause of Administration and sense of security. Level of education, income and social support defining 14% variance of women’s sense of security. By accepting the role of these three variables in the headed household women empowerment, that comes women empowering, causing an increased confidence, achieving an independent identity, improve their social status and finally feel more secure in them, which will benefit the whole community.

This paper aimed to evaluate the gender differences in Social capital of students. A synthesis of Bourdieu’s social capital theory, psychological theories on gender differences of Dinnerstein and Chodorow was used for theoretical framework. Using survey method, Statistics society had been Yasouj university students; from which 400 persons were determined based on Lin Sampling Table (1976) as sample size and were selected by classified-multi stage random sampling method. Researcher made questionnaire was used as research tool for data collection, which face validity and Cronbach’s alpha (Social capital=0.95) were used for its validity and reliability, respectively. The findings showed that there is no significant difference in participants’ Social capital (general) as well as its Relational and Structural dimensions among the men and women students, but there is a significant difference in Cognitive dimension of their national identity. This study showed no gender differentiation in social capital, totally, and gender differentiation in cognitive dimension of social capital is indicative of different attitude and beliefs of society towards social interactions of men and women.