Prediction the Scour Depth at Downstream of Bucket Spillway Using the Extreme Learning Machine and K-Fold Cross Validation

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Fallahi Mohammad Moein; RAJABI AHMAD; YAGHOUBI BEHROUZ

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Journal: Modares Civil Engineering journal Year:2018 | Volume:18 | Issue:5 Page(s): 133-142

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Title

Prediction the Scour Depth at Downstream of Bucket Spillway Using the Extreme Learning Machine and K-Fold Cross Validation

Author(s)

Fallahi Mohammad Moein | RAJABI AHMAD | YAGHOUBI BEHROUZ | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Scour depthQ2

Bucket spillwayQ1

ModelingQ2

Extreme Learning MachineQ1

k-fold Cross ValidationQ1

Abstract

The ogee spillways are constructed to regulate the flow in reservoir of dams. When the excess waters overflow the ogee spillway, the velocity at toe of spillway is pretty high and the flow has a huge amount of energy. The Bucket spillway is used in order to reduce the amount of such energy. Next, the trajectory flow combines with air and the flow loses its energy significantly. If the materials at downstream of spillway are erodible, the probability of the scour exist; as a result, the stability of spillway endangers. Therefore, the prediction of scour hole depth in this area is quite significant. In this study, the depth of scour at downstream of the Bucket spillway simulated using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) model. One of the most popular methods based on the artificial intelligence is the feed-forward neural network (FFNN). The training speed of this algorithm is very low. It's due to the use of the gradient based algorithms such as the back propagation (BP) which has low speed and the adjustment of the parameters related to the network is iterative. The Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a Single Layer Feed-Forward Neural Network (SLFFNN) which selects the number of nodes randomly and determines the output weights analytically. This algorithm is much faster than conventional neural networks and has a good generalization performance. The use of this method has had a good performance in different fields and its comparison with FFNN-BP has showed that this method in addition to reduce high computational costs has a higher accuracy. In current study, to evaluate the performance of ELM models, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCs) is applied. Monte Carlo simulation is a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. Their essential idea is using randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle. They are often used in physical and mathematical problems and are most useful when it is difficult or impossible to use other approaches. Monte Carlo simulation is mainly used in different problems such as optimization and numerical integration from a probability distribution. Also in this study, the k-fold Cross Validation (k-fold) is used for evaluating the models ability. In k-fold Cross Validation method, the original sample is randomly partitioned into k equal sized subsamples. In the k subsamples, a single subsample is retained as the validation data for testing the specific model, and the remaining k-1 subsamples are used as training data. The cross-validation process is then repeated k times (the folds), with each of the k subsamples used exactly once as the validation data. The k results from the folds can then be averaged to produce a single estimation. The advantage of this method over repeated random sub-sampling is that all observations are used for both training and validation, and each observation is used for validation exactly once. The k value was considered 5 in this study. In this study, to validate the results of numerical models, the Azmathullah et al. (2005) experimental measurements were used. They measured the Scour depth at the downstream of Bucket spillway. Next, the effective parameters on Scour depth were identified and six ELM models defined. In other words, one model simulated the Scour depth with combination of five input parameters including the discharge dimensionless parameter, the ratio of the total head to the tailwater depth (H/dw), the ratio of the bucket radius to the tailwater depth (R/dw), the ratio of the mean sediment size to the tailwater depth (d50/dw) and lip angle of bucket, and five models predicted the output variable using four input parameters. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to identify the effective factor. This sensitivity analysis showed that the discharge dimensionless parameter was the most effective factor. Also, the superior model was introduced by analyzing the results of all models. This model had reasonable accuracy and was the function of all input parameters. For example, the determination coefficient and scatter index were obtained 0. 993 and 0. 071, respectively. Also, The RMSE and MAPE for this model were obtained 0. 240 and 8. 891, respectively. Additionally, the maximum, minimum and average discrepancy ratios for the superior model were respectively calculated 1. 567, 0. 360 and 0. 991.

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APA: Copy

Fallahi, Mohammad Moein, RAJABI, AHMAD, & YAGHOUBI, BEHROUZ. (2018). Prediction the Scour Depth at Downstream of Bucket Spillway Using the Extreme Learning Machine and K-Fold Cross Validation. MODARES CIVIL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 18(5 ), 133-142. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/256883/en

Vancouver: Copy

Fallahi Mohammad Moein, RAJABI AHMAD, YAGHOUBI BEHROUZ. Prediction the Scour Depth at Downstream of Bucket Spillway Using the Extreme Learning Machine and K-Fold Cross Validation. MODARES CIVIL ENGINEERING JOURNAL[Internet]. 2018;18(5 ):133-142. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/256883/en

IEEE: Copy

Mohammad Moein Fallahi, AHMAD RAJABI, and BEHROUZ YAGHOUBI, “Prediction the Scour Depth at Downstream of Bucket Spillway Using the Extreme Learning Machine and K-Fold Cross Validation,” MODARES CIVIL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, vol. 18, no. 5 , pp. 133–142, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/256883/en

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