Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and Persian Clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) Intercropping on Forage Quantity

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NAZARIAN R.; KOOCHEKI A.; NASIRI MAHALLATI M.; REZVANI MOGHADDAM P.

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Journal: AGROECOLOGY (بوم شناسی کشاورزی) Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:1 Page(s): 231-243

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Title

Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and Persian Clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) Intercropping on Forage Quantity

Author(s)

NAZARIAN R. | KOOCHEKI A. | NASIRI MAHALLATI M. | REZVANI MOGHADDAM P. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Cropping patternQ2

Cropping rateQ2

Land equivalent ratio (LER)Q2

Additive mixtureQ2

Replacement mixtureQ2

Abstract

Introduction1 Intercropping of cereals with legumes has been a common cropping system in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran and Afghanistan. It is understood that competition for resources such as water, nutrients, and sunlight by the co-existing species could, however, reduce the yields of component crops. Often reductions in the yields of individual species are, however, not large enough to reduce the total yield of the mixture relative to those of either sole crops. Mix cropping of annual forage legumes with cereals has been proposed as a way of increasing forage production and on-farm protein production. Cereal-legume intercropping may improve yield on a given land area by making more efficient use of the available growth resources, increase biological activities in the soil, and decrease pests and diseases. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) is a cereal which can grow fast, suppress weed pressure and provide high yield in terms of dry weight but protein content of the forage is low. Mixing barley and clover has been suggested to increase forage quality. In the current study, we used a wide range of Cropping rate and pattern to determine the best forage quantity and quality in the mixture of barley and Persian clover in a low-input system. Materials and Methods For optimizing of Cropping rate and pattern in a mixture of barley and Persian clover an experiment was conducted in a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2013-14. The pattern of sowing considered in five levels (1: 1 row intercropping (M1), 2: 2 row intercropping (M2), 3: 3 strip intercropping (M3), 4: 4 strip intercropping (M4) and mixed cropping (M5)) which allocated as main plots and the Cropping rate in five levels (barley %100: %50 clover (R5), barley %100: %25 clover (R4), barley %50: %50 clover (R3), with pure barley (R2) and pure clover (R1)) proposed as subplots. Barley (Watan local variety originated from Herat, Afghanistan) and Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) seed rates were considered 120 and 40 kg. ha-1, respectively. Sowing date was on October 23. Barley was harvested in the heading stage and clover in the completed flowering stage. Different intercropping indices such as total forage dry matter (TFDM), protein yield (PY), land equivalent ratio (LER), competitive ratio (CR), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), aggressivity (A), actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage index (IA) were used to compare intercropping with pure stands. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and lest significant different test (LSD) were performed using SAS version 9. 3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results and Discussion Results showed that the effect of Cropping rate and pattern on total forage dry matter (TFDM) and protein yield (PY) were significant (p<0. 01). The highest levels of forage dry matter and protein yield were obtained in pure barley R2 and mixed cropping M5. The effect of Cropping rate on the land equivalent ratio (LER) was significant. The highest levels of LER were obtained in R5 (1. 28) and M4 (1. 23), respectively. The effect of sowing rate and pattern on relative crowding coefficient (RCC) was not significant but the highest level of RCC was obtained in R4 (35. 33) and the lowest was in R5 (-23. 24). The effect of sowing rate and pattern on aggressivity (A) was significant, and the clover negative value of aggressivity (A) showed that the clover was recessive in intercrop. Economic indices such as actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage index (IA) showed that barley-clover intercropping was better than sole culture, and the highest IA was obtained in R4 (7, 262, 833 Rials) and M4 (4, 974, 840 Rials). Overall, based on the results of this experiment, 4: 4 strip intercropping and Additive mixture of “ barley %100: %25 clovers” could be suggested to farmers as beneficial multiple cropping practices. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the forage quantity can be improved by adding Persian clover to the barley pure stand. The calculated LER exceeded unity in most cropping systems, indicating that intercropping was advantageous due to better exploitation of the limited environmental resources. When barley and Persian clover were intercropped as mixed stand, the total forage dry matter and protein yield were improved. Overall, based on the results of this experiment, 4: 4 strip intercropping, mixed cropping barley and clover and Additive mixture of “ barley %100: % 25 clovers” could be suggested to Afghanistan (Herat) and Iran (Mashhad) farmers as beneficial multiple cropping practices.

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APA: Copy

NAZARIAN, R., KOOCHEKI, A., NASIRI MAHALLATI, M., & REZVANI MOGHADDAM, P.. (2019). Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and Persian Clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) Intercropping on Forage Quantity. AGROECOLOGY (بوم شناسی کشاورزی), 11(1 ), 231-243. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/357408/en

Vancouver: Copy

NAZARIAN R., KOOCHEKI A., NASIRI MAHALLATI M., REZVANI MOGHADDAM P.. Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and Persian Clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) Intercropping on Forage Quantity. AGROECOLOGY (بوم شناسی کشاورزی)[Internet]. 2019;11(1 ):231-243. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/357408/en

IEEE: Copy

R. NAZARIAN, A. KOOCHEKI, M. NASIRI MAHALLATI, and P. REZVANI MOGHADDAM, “Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) and Persian Clover (Trifolium respinatum L. ) Intercropping on Forage Quantity,” AGROECOLOGY (بوم شناسی کشاورزی), vol. 11, no. 1 , pp. 231–243, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/357408/en

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