Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler

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Shahmaleki M.; BEIGMOHAMMADI F.; MOVAHEDI F.

Title

Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler

Author(s)

Shahmaleki M. | BEIGMOHAMMADI F. | MOVAHEDI F. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Starch biocomposite

Optimization

Young modulus

Cellulose

Plasticizer

Abstract

Introduction: Plastic contamination, especially in packaging application, has been the main issue for universities and industry. Bio-composite of biodegradable Starch is considered as an appropriate replacement for starch due to low price, availability and biodegradability. The film or coating is placed on the food as an integrated and thin layer of different polymer compounds. Today, contaminants from synthetic polymers have drawn attention to the use of biodegradable materials, and over the past two decades, the study of biodegradable materials derived from proteins and carbohydrates has expanded. These macromolecules could potentially be a viable alternative to synthetic polymers derived from petroleum products. Material and methods: In the present study, different starch films have been produced by corn starch and natural Cellulose booster from 0% to 20% applying melt mixing with twin extruder. The aim of this study is to obtain a suitable combination of starch with Cellulose (natural and degradable) that makes starch similar to synthetic polymers with low water permeability and high mechanical strength and can be a good alternative for them. In addition, food additives such as citric acid and stearic acid are used in a constant amount to facilitate the process and improve the properties of the film. The current study aims at investigating the effect of Cellulose, as an intensifier, and different ratio of glycerol/sorbitol, as a Plasticizer, on the improvement of starch bio-composite. The optimum point for starch bio-composite is obtained by Design Expert Software and structural tests, TGA and XRD, were conducted on this point. First, a suspension of Cellulose and a certain amount of water were homogenized or subjected to ultrasound so that the starch could be well dispersed in the matrix. Raw material for the production of Starch biocomposites, including corn starch (as a matrix), glycerol and sorbitol (as a softener and each from 10 to 20% by weight of starch), different amounts of Cellulose fiber (from 0 to 20% by weight of starch), citric acid 1% by weight to improve the biocomposite, starch and stearic acid were physically mixed as a process aid (to prevent starch from adhering to equipment and 1% by weight of starch). The main mixing was done uniformly in the two-screw face extruder. The produced Starch biocomposite or sheet was exposed to 50% relative humidity and 30° C for one week and then the necessary tests were performed on them. In the next step, the mold was used under pressure, until a starch sheet with a thickness of 1 mm was produced. The sheets were produced at a temperature of 160° C and a pressure of 25 Mpa for 2 minutes. The temperature reached 50-40° C by the flow of cold water flowing around the mold and the pressure was removed. Then each sheet was qualified separately at 58% RH and 30° C and entered the test stage. The thickness of the film was measured randomly in 5 positions with the micrometer of incision (model W-3275-A, USA) with a resolution of 0. 01 mm and their average was used for calculations. Results and discussion: Tensile strength, Young’ s modulus and elongation at break were measured from the stress-strain curves gained from the prepared starch sheets. Table1 shows that there was irregularity effect with the addition of Cellulose, glycerol and sorbitol in the composite. The lowest yield of tensile strength was 0. 51 MPa at 5% Cellulose, 15% glycerol and 20% sorbitol and the highest level was 1. 52 MPa with 15% Cellulose, 12. 5% glycerol and 12. 5% sorbitol. The mechanical properties are prejudiced by the ingredients of a composite. The adding of component is estimated to rise the mechanical properties of a composite because of the increasing affinity in the composite. Different trends were observed for Young’ s modulus. A significant improvement for Young’ s modulus from 283 to 915 MPa was obtained for different Starch biocomposites. The best result for Young’ s modulus was obtained with 10% of Cellulose, 10% glycerol and 20% sorbitol. Elongation at break had range from 1. 01 to 10. 24 that could be related to the percentage increase in length that a material will achieve before breaking. A higher percentage usually indicates a better quality material when combined with good UTS. Negative coefficient of sorbitol and glycerol means they caused to fall down elongation of Starch biocomposite. Those Starch biocomposites with Cellulose had more elongation at break. The optimum point was 5% Cellulose and 17. 5% of each emollient which has Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) as 7. 81*10-10 gs-1-1-1 m Pa, tensile strength of 0. 85 Mpa, Young module 277. 56 Mpa and elongation at break point 7. 08%. The optimum glass transition temperature of bio-composite starch increases to 130 o C. Although optimum bio-composite XRD show high picks demonstrating crystals, the findings from thermal weighting reveal that optimum bio-composite will be decomposed about 300. According to decomposition of natural starch at 220 o C, this thermal resistance can be ascribed to the Cellulose in its structure. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to obtain a suitable combination of starch with Cellulose (natural and degradable) and glycerol and sorbitol softeners that make starch similar to synthetic polymers with low water permeability and high mechanical strength. In this study, Optimization of Starch biocomposite formulation was performed by epithelial mixing method. The main purpose of Optimization was to place the parameters of tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus in the desired range and to minimize water vapor permeability. According to the modeling, the optimal treatment in the production of Starch biocomposite was 5% Cellulose, 17. 5% glycerol and 17. 5% sorbitol. The validation results of the answers showed that the results of the model have an acceptable similarity with the practical results. X-ray diffraction test to investigate the distribution of particles in the polymer matrix showed that the components of the composites are well dispersed. Behavioral patterns related to heat-weight changes of Starch biocomposite showed that three main stages of degradation and weight loss were observed in Starch biocomposites. It is It is concluded that the composition of microcrystal Cellulose and equal glycerol/sorbitol ratio lead to the development of starch bio-composite properties. The results of this study can open a new window towards the use of biodegradable packaging in the food industry to improve food quality and safety and reduce food waste. More research is needed to replace conventional plastics with green composites to at least protect human health and the environment.

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APA: Copy

Shahmaleki, M., BEIGMOHAMMADI, F., & MOVAHEDI, F.. (2022). Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler. JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ), 31(4 ), 97-113. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/956100/en

Vancouver: Copy

Shahmaleki M., BEIGMOHAMMADI F., MOVAHEDI F.. Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler. JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ)[Internet]. 2022;31(4 ):97-113. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/956100/en

IEEE: Copy

M. Shahmaleki, F. BEIGMOHAMMADI, and F. MOVAHEDI, “Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler,” JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ), vol. 31, no. 4 , pp. 97–113, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/956100/en

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Scientific Information Database

ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

Optimization of thermoplastic starch biocomposite production with cellulose filler