The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter

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SEIFZADEH M.

Title

The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter

Author(s)

SEIFZADEH M. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Azolla

Natural pigment

β-carotene

Food additive

Anzali Wetland

Abstract

Introduction: Azolla is certainly a valuable laboratory plant that will thrive with very little care. The use of Azolla may be an important factor in the world's future food needs. Azolla is unique because it is one of the fastest growing plants on the planet yet it does not need any soil to grow. Azolla is a genus of aquatic ferns and an pteridophyte Plantae belonging to the Salvinacea family (Qiu and Yu 2003). Azolla is an aquatic fern native of Asia and Africa and it has traditionally been used as a fodder throughout Asia and parts of Africa. Many varieties of food products have been manufactured from Azolla which accounts from flavoring agents, Food additives and so on. These Azolla are also used for the production of bio products such as biogas, biofuel and partial treatment of waste water (Miranda et al., 2016). Azolla spp. are heterosporous free-floating freshwater ferns that live symbiotically with Anabaena Azolla, a nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae. There are six species of Azolla in the world. The genus Azolla belongs to the single genus family Azollaceae. Azolla filiculoides is a species of Azolla. Azolla filiculoides is under the sub-genus EuAzolla. It is native to warm temperate and tropical regions as well as most of the old world including Asia, Australia (Evrard andVan Hove 2004) and Anzali Wetland. This plant is dark green to reddish and float on the water surface, either individually or in mats, which can reach a thickness of up to 20 cm. When A. filiculoides plants are exposed to strong sunlight they obtain a red color. The same occurs in winter time. In shade they always remain green. A. filiculoides settles in ponds, ditches, water reservoirs, wetlands, channels and slow flowing rivers. The phytochemical investigation on the Azolla shows that tannins, phenols, sugar, anthroquinone glycosides and steroids are present. Azolla is also rich in protein, vitamin and minerals and is used as food supplements. In addition to, A. filiculoides is very rich in carotenoids. The chemical composition of Azolla species varies with ecotypes and with the ecological conditions and the phase of growth. The dry matter percentage of different Azolla species varies widely (Mostafa and Ibrahim 2012). Lysine and methionine contents in this species are moderate. But, essential amino acids in this species are poor (Azhar et al., 2018). β-carotene is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment. It can also be made in a laboratory. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, β-carotene is distinguished by having betarings at both ends of the molecule. β-carotene is the most common form of carotene in plants. When used as a food coloring. β-carotene is biosynthesized from geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate. Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesized exclusively by photosynthetic organisms including crop plants, algae, few fungi and certain bacteria where they play a vital role in plant metabolism and bio-synthesis of other bio-molecules. Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. Biological properties of carotenoids allow for a wide range of commercial applications (Zakynthinos and Varzakas 2016). Indeed, recent interest in the carotenoids has been mainly for their nutraceutical properties. Carotenoids as Natural pigments, are used by the industry as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and animal feed additives, as well as colorants in cosmetics and special foods. Carotenoids have been studied for their ability to prevent chronic disease due to the free radical theory of aging in chronic disease etiology. The effect of carotenoids on biotechnology and the food industry is significantly attributed. Finally, carotenoids as fortified substances in foods and special aspects about carotenoids as health promoters are well presented along with a glance of carotenoids economics. β-carotene is one of the carotenoids. β carotene is the main source of pro-vitamin A and is widely used as a food colorant (Lejeune et al., 2000). The majority of the β-carotene commercialized in the world is obtained by chemical synthesis from β-ionone (Nacke et al., 2012). β-carotene is used for an inherited disorder marked by sensitivity to light. It is also used to prevent certain cancers, heart disease, cataracts, and many other conditions. There are many global health authorities that recommend getting β-carotene and other antioxidants from food instead of supplements. β-carotene and other carotenoids provide approximately 50% of the vitamin A needed in the diet of the some of countries (Grune et al., 2010). Therefore, research for the production of natural colors for use in food industry has particular importance. The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland, comparing it with synthetic β-carotene, and measuring its economic value. Material and methods: One treatment had β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland through the alkaline hydrolysis method in the winter of 2014. Treatments were kept at 4 ° C for one year. Synthetic β-carotene was used as the control. The quality of the treatments was assessed by applying some chemical tests, including the measurement of the content and quality of β-carotene, calorimetry using the Hunter-LAB method, determination of the purity and vitamin A employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), estimation of the dwell-time duration at 5 ° C, and measurement of the solubility of β-carotene in water. Results and discussion: The results of the tests regarding the purity, concentration, calorimetry, vitamin compounds, dwell time, and solubility in the experimental β-carotene, compared with those in the control, revealed no significant difference (p>0. 05). Moreover, the factors showed no significant difference between the control and experimental treatments during the dwell time (p>0. 05). The natural β-carotene had a good quality during the storage period at 5 ° C for one year. Conclusion: Since there was no significant difference between the β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides and the synthetic one in terms of the chemical tests, purity, and dwell time, and since the natural β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides takes precedence over the synthetic one in terms of the food hygiene, it is recommended that natural β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides be substituted for synthetic β-carotene in the food industry.

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APA: Copy

SEIFZADEH, M.. (2020). The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter. JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ), 30(3 ), 19-31. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/956410/en

Vancouver: Copy

SEIFZADEH M.. The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter. JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ)[Internet]. 2020;30(3 ):19-31. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/956410/en

IEEE: Copy

M. SEIFZADEH, “The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter,” JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH (UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ), vol. 30, no. 3 , pp. 19–31, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/956410/en

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Scientific Information Database

ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

The evaluation of the quality of β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland using the alkaline hydrolysis method in winter