Composing an Islamic model of progress has been one of the concerns of Ayatollah Khamenei in recent years in order to improve the efficiency of the Islamic government in the course of attaining its ideals and the realization of a new Islamic civilization in the world. On the other hand, the Messianic ideal and awaiting the promised has been the favorable horizon of the Islamic Revolution and the orientation of activities and policies in his thoughts and those of Imam Khomeini as the revolution’s leaders. This article seeks to examine the relations of the doctrine of awaiting the appearance and Messianic government, with the progress model and the outputs of this doctrine in composing the Islamic model of progress with taking the Messianic thoughts of the great leader as provisions and with a descriptive-analytic and comparing approach. The research findings show that from the view point of the supreme leader, awaiting the promised is the governing soul, the measuring tool, and the goal and the criterion for the Islamic model of progress and has outputs like enhancing the hopes, creating great efforts, fighting the West, Jihadi efforts and planning in the route of developing and implementing of progress model.

This paper investigates the effects of government fiscal policies on women participation rate. Women participation rate is an indicator for economic and social activities of woman. This paper evaluates the effects of government expenditures and revenues on women participation rate in Iran for the period 1355-1386. The results show that the effects of government expenditure (current & development) on women participation rate is positive. But the effects of government revenue on women participation rate is negative. The effects of government expenditure (current & development) & revenues (tax & oil) on women participation rate were investigated.The results show that the effects of tax revenue and current expenditure on women participation rate was positive and oil revenue & development expenditure were negative. These results confirms the results of other reaserches in this point that, the efficiencies of policies are very important.

Abstract in English:AbulGhasem al-Shabi and Iqbal Lahouri were revolutionary and committed poets who took steps in reforming and consciousness rising of the people. These liberal poets arose against the oppressive rulers of their time and committed themselves to the confrontation with oppression and chose figurative and allusive language because of the strangulation that existed in Tunisia and Pakistan in that time. Oppressor in the poetry of Al-Shabi symbolizes French colonialism which symbolizes as a snake. Also British colonialism is symbolized as wolf in the poetry of Iqbal. AbulGhasem al-Shabi and Iqbal Lahouri tried to grow the pearl of divine love in the hearts of their countrymen to trust in God and to overcome and colonialism. Abstract in French:«Abol Ghassem Alchabi» et «Ighbal Lahouri»,Les deux poètes engagés et révolutionnaires jouaient un role important dans l’éclaircissement des esprits de leur temps.Tous les deux se sont révoltés contre la tyrannie en décrivant l’oppression qui existait à leur époque.A cause du système oppressif, ils ont adopté un langage métaphorique. A titre d’exemple, dans les poèmes d’Alchabi, le serpent est le symbole de la colonisation de la France et Lahouri interprète la colonisation de la grande Bretagne comme un loup dans la peau d’un agneau.Tous les deux ont essayé d’éduquer les gens afin de lutter contre l’oppression et la colonisation. Abstract in German:Abu al-Qasem Shabi und Iqbql Lahori waren beide revolutionäre und politisch engagierte Dichter, die zur Aufklärung Ihres Volkes beitrugen. Diese Freidenker inszenierten Aufstand gegen Kolonialmächte in Tunesien und Pakistan. So war ihre Sprache voller Anspielungen und geheimnisvoll. Daher nannte Shabi die Franzosen Unterdrücker und giftige Schlangen. Iqbql bezeichnete auch die Engländer als Wölfe im Schafspelz.So bemühten sich die beiden Dichter darum, durch ihre Gedichten die Liebe zu Gott unter ihrem Volk entstehen zu lassen, die dogmatischen Gedanken zu vertreiben und gegen Kolonialmächte zu kämpfen.

Iran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past century, the intelligentsias of these societies have started to criticize the political and social situation of the country which has been caused the combination of social criticism and political issues. Great poets and literati were emerged in that era who have expressed their reforming messages with a new form regarding the mentioned issues. Mozffar Al Navab – an Iraqi poet – and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda – an Iranian poet – were two of these literati and intelligentsia.

Abstract in English:The novel Landlocked is the fourth book in the series “Children of Violence” by Lessing. According to what Klein has written in criticizing Lessing, in the series “Children of Violence” Lessing has more than anything else expressed his personal and social life. On the other hand according to the interviews conducted with Simin Daneshvar an instance of which is published in her book “Knowing and Admiring of Art”, she has been inspired by the realities of her life and her social environment in writing “Su’uvashoon”. Considering their different personal & social experiences of war, the present article compares the instances of war in “Su’uvashoon” and Landlocked under Showalter’s feminist criticism theory. Although women writers are geographically far from each other, they use similar styles for writing in reaction to a social realty such as war. Abstract in French:«Prisonnier des sécheresses» est le quatrième volume des séries de «Les enfants de la violence» de Lessing. Selon Kéline «le sujet de ces romans a été inspiré de la vie sociale de son auteur» (15). Et en Iran, selon les entretiens réalisés avec Danechvar, elle s’inspire aussi de sa vie et de sa société pour créer son roman «Su-va-Chu» (467). Dans cet article, nous essayons de comparer l’image de la guerre dans «Prisonnier des sécheresses» et «Su-va-Chu» en employant la théorie de la critique Féminine de Chovaltre. Selon ce dernier, les femmes ont une même méthode et un même style dans la réaction d’une réalité sociale comme la guerre. Abstract in German:Der Roman Landumschlossen ist der vierte Teil der Serie Kinder der Gewalt von Lessing. In einer Kritik heißt es, dass Lessing Kinder der Gewalt eigentlich mehr ihr eigenes persönliches und soziales Leben beschreibt. Andererseits meinte Daneshwar auch, dass ihre Werke von ihrem eigenen Leben beeinflusst sind. Da die beiden Schriftstellerinnen unterschiedlich Zeuge von Kriegen waren, werden wir im vorliegenden Artikel versuchen, durch Theorie von Shwalter Kriegssymbole in den Romanen Landumschlossen und Sowashun herauszufinden. Damit wird bewiesen, dass trotz der entfernten Länder, wo diese Schriftstellerinnen gelebt hatten, viele stilistische Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen.

The classical Persian literature is an accumulation of anecdotes and poems that hold women in contempt. In fact, misogyny is one of the features of classical literature all over the world. Persian writers and poets who were men attempted to distort some verses of Quran and some parts of Hadith to keep their authority and dominance. This survey tries to express how and why writers make a profit out of their falsification. Cases in this study are some books like Qābūs-nāmé, Tūtī-nāmé, KalilévaDemné, and others. These cases also include some collected poems of poets like Sanāī, Nezāmī, Rumi, and the like.In conclusion, we found that some of the Quranic commentaries had been affected by the some sayings of paganism period and Israelite and that they have merged together so that, we can’t recognize which one is true and which one is false. Some of them really aren’t Hadith and they are counterfeit sayings, and we do not have any reliable documents for them. Most of these sayings are proverbs and are not prophetic sayings and their narrators were not either trustworthy or reliable.

Comparative literature from the viewpoint of its French pioneers and masters is part of national literary history which studies the historical relationship between one nation’s literature and another nation’s literature. This definition which is sometimes summarized in two terms of affecting and being affected was the dominant definition in the literary studies until the middle of the twentieth century. Later the American school was established which believed proving the historical relationship is the main prerequisite for conducting comparative literary research. The present article tries to introduce the French and American schools of comparative literature and their strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses the recent research areas in contemporary comparative literature.   France: Littérature comparée, écoles littéraires et domaines de recherché Selon les spécialistes français, la littérature comparée est une branche d’ histoire de la littérature nationale qui étudie les rapports entre histoire et littérature d’un pays avec d’autres. Cette définition basant sur le terme «influençabilité», a dominé les recherches comparées depuis longtemps. La deuxième moitié du XX siècle, après l’avènement de l’école américaine, l’objet des recherches comparées a bien transformé en une analyse des oeuvres littéraires. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons donc à présenter les caractéristiques des écoles françaises et américaines, leurs défauts et leurs avantages.Keywords: littérature comparée, école française, école américaine, domaines de recherché German: Literarische Koordinierung, Korrespondent und Forschungsgebiete   Franzosische Professoren meinen, dass die literarische Koordinierung ein Teil des Literalismus, die sich mit der fremden Literatur auseinandersetzt, ist.Diese Erklarung, die man in zwei Worten “Wirkungsvoll und Einwirkung” zusammen fasst, war bis mitte des 20. Jahr hundert bekannt.Dann erschien das amerikanische Korrespondent, das nicht an der literarischen Koordinierung glaubte. Das amerikanische Korrespondent überprüfte die Literatur mit unterschiedlischsten Begabungen und dann brachte die literarische Koordinierung, der literaische Bestand und die Analyse naher.Dieser Artikel ist eine Versuchung, um die amerikanische und fransozische Korrespondenten vor zu stellen und über ihre Vorteile und Nachteile zu sprechen.Hier wird auch auf die modernste Mehtode in der neuesten literarischen Koordinierung geachtet.Keywords: literarische Koordinierung, fransozisches Korrespondent, amerikanische Koordinierung, Forschungsgebiete   Italian: Literatura comparada, escuelas y los campos de estudios   La literatura comparada, desde el punto de vista de sus pioneros y profesores franceses, es una rama de la historia de la literatura nacional, que se trata de estudiar las relaciones historicas entre la literatura nacional y las de otras naciones. Hasta la mitad del siglo XX la definicion de dos términos “influyente e influido” dominaba el campo de estudios de literatura comparada, hasta que, en la segunda mitad de este siglo aparecio la escuela estadounidense, la que no considera las relaciones historicas entre las obras literarias como la condicion principal para hacer los estudios comparativos. Este atiende al estudio de las relaciones entre la literatura y los otros artes y ciencias humanas e incluso ciencias absolutas, y acerca la literatura comparativa a la critica y analisis literarios.En este articulo se intenta presentar las escuelas francesas y estadounidenses, asi como presentar las ventajas y desventajas de ambas. También en ello se habla de los nuevos métodos de estudios sobre la literatura comparada contemporanea.Keywords: literatura comparada, escuela francesa, escuela estadounidense, campos de estudios   Spanish: Letteratura comparata: Dottrine ed I campi ricercativi   Letteratura comparata dal punto di vista degli anteriori e professori francesi, e’ un ramo della storia letteraria nazionale che studia I rapport storici di una letteratura nazionale con la letteratura degli altri paesi.Questa spiegazione-che a volte lo chiamano con due paroli chiavi“impressionativo” e “Influenzativo”-era prevalente sulle ricerche letterarie comparative nella media del ventesimo secolo, finche’dalla seconda meta’ di questo secolo, e’ nata la dottrina Americana, quella che non considera la conferma dei rapporti storici tra le opere letterarie com una condizione per fare delle ricerche comparative.Si occupa anzi di revisionare I rapport letterari con le altre arti e L’umanistica ed anche la scienza pura, e cerca di avvicinare la letteratura comparata alla critica letetraria e l’analisi.In quest’articolo stiamo cercando di rappresentare delle dottrine francesi ed americani, ed anche mostrarvi dei loro vantaggi e disvantaggi.Anche parliamo dei metodi e dei nuovi campi ricercativi nella leteratura comparata conteporanea. Keywords: Letteratura comparata, Dottrina francese, Dottrina Americano, Campi ricercativi