Sugar beet plants only in spring in Kerman province and incidence of disease and pests cause many problems. Primary experiments were carrid out in Orzoieh plan to develop the sugar beet cultivation in Kerman province and find out the new climates for Autumn cultivation of this crop. Two varieties of sugar beet (DEZ and BRI) in three planting date (22 Aug, 10 Sep, 2 Oct) and three harvesting date (3 Apr' 4 May and 4 lun) were used as a factoria11ayout in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2002 year. The results showed that: DEZ variety had higher root yield and white sugar yield than BRI variaty at p=0.5 level of probability but root impurity and bolting percentage were less in DEZ variety at p=0.5 level of probability. The best planting date was reported 22 August with white sugar yield of 9.64 ton/ha' root yield of 85.09 ton/ha and white sugar content of 11.44% and the best harvesting date was June 4 with white sugar yield of 9.38 ton/ha. Results indicated that autumn planting of sugar beet in Orzoieh could be successful in Orzoieh which the best planting and harvesting date were 31 August and 4 May respectively.

In this study, after propagation and producing tissue-culture clones obtained from seed population Jot 18 (pollinator tetraploid resistant to bolting), these clones were incubated in cold condition of 4-7oC for 12 and 15 weeks, and then were transferred to the greenhouse with 20oC and percent of bolted plants was determined. A randomized complete block design in three replications was used for statistical analysis. Percentage of bolting was calculated in 1 and 2 weeks after cold treatment duration. The result of 12 week incubation at cold condition showed that genotypes have significant differences after one or two weeks at 5% and 1% level respectively. The result of 15 week incubation at cold condition showed that genotypes have significant differences after one or two weeks at 1% level. Results showed that in two cooling period, genotypes B29 and B16 are tolerant and susceptible to bolting respectively. Use of colons having same genotype, resulted in increasing of selection accuracy of resistant genotypes. In this study for decrease need cooling period, for screening tolerance genotype to bolting in sugar beet used GA3 treatment. For this, three concentrations 0, 10 and 50 milimolar GA3 were inoculated for six times onto shoot apices of seedling of one-month cold pretreated. Factorial experiment in randomized complete block design was used in three replications. Percentage of bolting was calculated in five times at one-week interval after final inoculation step. The results of second week were used for screening of bolting tolerant plants. A statistical level was 1% and result of the second week note- taking indicated that GA3 and genotype effects are significant at 1% level and GA3 genotype interaction did not have significant differences. As a result, Genotypes was classified in three groups: susceptible, semi tolerant and tolerant. As a result 50 concentration milimolar had more effective on bolting sugar beet and breeder can use GA3 as a substitution for part of cold duration and reduce breeding time for bolting screening and increase selection efficiency.

To study the effects of selection and selfing, on progeny lines of Behbahan landrace onion, a five year (1999-2004) experiment was conducted five year at farms of Behbahan region and Behbahan Agriculture Research Station. In the first year, 500 bulbs of two morphotypes (white and red) of Behbahan landrace onion were selected and stored in non controlled storage. In the seconed year, 100 bulbs of each morphotype were selected and planetd. The umbles of each buld were isolated by cloth bags at flowering time. In the third year, self pollinated seeds from each bulb were planted and 57 progeny lines were selected. Bulbs of selected progeny lines were planted for then second selfing in the fourth year. In the fifth year, seeds of the second self pollinated bulbs were planted and 28 progeny lines were selected. The results showed that the growth rate of progeny lines decreased as compared with the source line, due to inbreeding depression, and consequently seedlings emergence percent, seedlings survival percent, leaf hight, mean bulb weight, mean bulb diameter and bulb storability were also decreased. In the other hand duration of seedlings growth of progeny lines in nursery increased compared to the source line. However, the bolting and doubling bulb percent of progeny lines were considerably lower than source line. Bulb off color was not observed in the progeny lines after the second selfeing.

Autumn-sown sugar beet is an important strategy to produce sugar to meet domestic demand in Iran. New bolting resistant sugar beet cultivars can facilitate sowing sugar beet in autumn in warm and semi-warm areas in Iran. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications in Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2008-2010 cropping seasons. Experimental factors included: three sowing dates (23 September, 12 October and 01 November), four harvest times (22 May, 22 June, 23 July and 23 August) and three cultivars (resistant, moderately resistant and sensitive). Results showed that cultivars were significantly different (P<0.05) for bolting rate. Sensitive cultivar with 89.75% bolting rate was significantly different from moderately resistant (41.78%) and resistant (12.23%) cultivars. Effect of sowing time on root, sugar and white sugar yields was not significant. Harvest time had significant (P<0.05) effect on white sugar yield and sugar content. Shifting of harvest time from 22 May to 22 June significantly increased sugar yield, white sugar and sugar content. Bolting resistant cultivar had higher root, sugar and white sugar yield than the other two cultivars. In conclusion, sowing of bolting resistant sugar beet cultivar in early November and harvesting in late June had the least bolting rate (1.32%), highest root (49.81tha-1), sugar (7.63tha-1) and white sugar (6.26 tha-1) yields in autumn sown sugar beet in Moghan region in Iran.

To evaluate general and specific combining ability for resistance to bolting and Cercospora leaf spot, 36 hybrids derived from crosses between 9 sugar beet lines along with four checks were planted in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center (Dezful) in 2008-2009. The experimental design was a triple lattice design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all of the traits with exception of sugar content, sodium, white sugar content and purity. Analysis of combining ability using Griffing's method II indicated that general combining ability of the lines was significant for all of the traits in probability level of 1%. Also, specific combining ability was significant for root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield and potassium in probability level of 1% and for resistance to bolting and Cercospora leaf spot in probability level of 5%. In general, both additive and non-additive effects were effective in controlling the resistance to Cercospora and bolting, root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield. However, resistance to bolting, root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield were found to be mainly determined by the non-additive gene effects. The best parent for resistance to Cercospora and bolting was RR607, however, its root yield was not suitable. The best hybrid for resistance to Cercospora, root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield was F1 of RR607x452. Furthermore, the best cross for resistance to bolting was SB-FIROZ x 261. Nonetheless, cross of RR607×436 produced the best hybrid for resistance to bolting and Cercospora.

Stem going in sugar beet at first years is call bolting. Bolting is undesirable physiological phenomena that almost occurred in planting of winter sugar beet. Planting of winter sugar beet required to resistance cultivars to bolting for avoidance of flowering in spring harvest time. Aim of this experiment using of cycocel for avoidance of flowering in winter sugar beet. Experiment carry on in form of factorial in base of randomize complete block design with three replication in winter 2009. We have two cycocel factors comprise of foliar application in two levels 0 and 1000 ppm and foliar application time with seven levels comprise of control seed sprayed, 6th November, 6th December, 6th November & 6th December, seed sprayed & 6th November & 6th December, 6th February, 6th November & 6th December & 6th February. Result showed that application of cycocel reduce bolting percentage and caused delay of flowering process but winter cold severe condition in Karaj have been effects dominant on cycocel treatments as at the end of sampling date was not significant different between cycocel and control treatments on bolting. Percent of bolt in control treatment and cycocel was 48.59%, 43.38% respectively. The best time for spraying cycocel was 6th february with the lowest percent of bolt (39.2%).

In order to determine the optimum sowing and harvesting dates of two autumn sugar beet cultivars (Bete vulgaris L.) and develop the planting area of this crop, the present research was conducted in Fasa, Iran during 2005-2008. The experiment was carried out in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Three sowing dates (September 27, October 17 and November 6) were assigned to main plots, two commercial sugar beet cultivars (BR1 and Rasoul) to sub- plots and three harvesting dates (April 30, May 26 and June 20) to sub-sub plots. During the growing period, parameters such as number of plants, lost plants, growth rate and bolting percentage were determined. The root yield was measured by harvesting the roots from the two middle rows of plots. Characteristics such as root yield, sugar content, impurities (K, Na and α-amino nitrogen) and white sugar percentage, purity of raw extract, alkalinity and molasses sugar were measured. Results showed that bolting percentages of sowing dates were significantly different at 1% level of probability. The highest bolting percentage (18.409%) was obtained from September 27 sowing date. Sowing dates (September 27 and November 6) had the lowest bolting percentage (5.420% and 2.870%, respectively). The bolting percentage, root yield, sugar content, impurities, and purity of raw extract, alkalinity, molasses sugar and white sugar yield of the cultivars were not significant. The maximum bolting percentage obtained from the harvesting date (June 20) was 9.964%. Maximum root yield and white sugar yield was obtained from the sowing date (September 27) and harvesting date (June 20) which were 58.486 and 5.360 tha-1, respectively. With respect to the increased yield due to planting date of September 27 and harvesting date of June 20, use of bolting tolerant cultivars to ensure higher quality and yield I recommended.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the major leaf and salad vegetables. Identification of the genetic potential of lettuce germplasm is crucial in the breeding programs and introduction of new cultivars. Assessment of genetic diversity of Iranian lettuce gennplasm collected from different provinces was conducted in the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2010. Genotypes were sown on rows with the length and spacing 3 m and 60 cm, respectively. Morphological characteristics were evaluated based on IPGRI descriptors. Results revealed high variability among genotypes. Three types of lettuce including stem, leaf and romaine were identified for the first time in Iranian lettuce. There were significant positive correlations between growth period to bolting and flowering in genotypes. Qom genotype and lines no. 15and 25 of Mazandaran were sensitive to bolting, and Pich-e-Ahvaz, Siah-e-Dezful, Sefid-e-Neishabour, Siah-e-Neishabour and Varamin 3 were resistant. Genotypes were separated into three groups based on cluster analysis in which some groups had above average values for some traits. Factor analysis reduced the 17 evaluated traits to six components which justified 71.8% of changes. Distribution diagram based on the first and second components separated the genotypes into three groups. To conclude, genotypes with desirable characteristics can be used in breeding programs of lettuce in Iran.