Skin replacement has been a challenging task in wound healing resulted from burn. The application of laboratory based tissue expansion techniques is a potential solution to the problem of surface area cover. Fortunately, considerable progress has been made in approaches to allograft and autograft skin transplantation in order to replace skin temporarily or permanently. Despite of this progress, development of new treatments for burn victims are still a problem in cultured skin grafts. Hair follicles, sweat glands and other features of normal skin are absent in cultured skin. Scientists believe that Stem cells with unique characteristics including self renewal and differentiation potential offer a possible way for reconstruction of some structures within the wound. So, enhanced understanding of stem cell potentials may help develop novel therapies to overcome the problems in wound healing.

Background: In spite of promising results of conventional treatments for myocardial infarction, including medications, stent implantation, and coronary artery bypass grafting, the disease and its complications, especially heart failure, are highly prevalent because these methods could not reverse the cell loss, which is the main problem. Currently, heart transplantation, as the last option for treatment of heart failure, has major limitations including the low number of appropriate donors and underlying diseases in recipients. Materials and Methods: The present study is presented as a review paper. Using related keywords, including myocardial infarction, cell therapy, stem cell, cardiac tissue engineering, and clinical trials, studies published up to 2018 were collected from reliable databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier. Among potential candidates, those which were the most relevant to the purposes of the study were selected and evaluated. Results: The stem cells application for regeneration of damaged tissues is one of the great researchers’ achievements. In spite of various scientific, legal, and ethical concerns, several companies target stem cells transplantation for cardiac diseases in commercial way. There are many in situ, in vitro, and cell-loaded scaffold and cell sheet engineering studies in tissue engineering field. Conclusion: Despite the promising results of stem cells application, many challenges still lay ahead of this pathway including optimal cell, dosage, time and route administration selection, and the immune response modulations. Currently, extensive research is ongoing. In this regard, the successful results of various clinical trials made by different companies and health centers have led to commercialization of products. Some of them are addressed in the current review article. However, more research is needed to clarify the efficacy of these studies.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that can cause demyelination and axonal damage. There are different therapeutic approaches for MS, including administration of interferon-b, Glatiramer Acetate, Natalizumab, Fingolimod, and other immune-modulating agents. Currently approved MS treatments primarily decrease CNS inflammation. Noticeably, the unsolved challenge in the MS field is to advance neuroprotective and remyelinating approaches for the treatment of MS patients. Treatment strategies to prevent tissue damage and/or enhance remyelination and axonal regeneration are seriously needed.Conclusion: Recently application of stem cell therapy for MS therapy has created a lot of hopes to treat MS patients. Several studies have been shown that stem cell therapy has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in brain tissue. In this review, we have explained the properties of different types of stem cells and their role in the treatment of MS.

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most ordinary reason of dementia in old population. AD is a permanent and progressive brain disorder that gradually deteriorates memory and speaking skills, and eventually leads to disability to accomplish the effortless skills. In this disease, the brain cells are gradually destroyed and as a result, the patients suffer from amnesia. Definitive treatment for AD has not been found yet and enormous efforts have been made to find novel and effective therapies. The stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have a potential to differentiate into many different cell types. Several studies revealed that neurons and glial cells have successfully been differentiated from various stem cells, such as neural, embryonic, and mesenchymal stem cells. Cell therapy is a potential novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of AD.Conclusion: Successful stem cell therapy in animal models of AD points to a potential therapeutic approach in patients with AD.

The tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful tendon situations due to constant stretching, overuse, degeneration, or poor tendon biomechanism. Tendinopathy is often the result of useless attempts by the body to regenerate a tendon, which a pathological conflict has led to a malfunction. Various treatments have been used to manage tendon disorders. Stem cells are divided into two categories. Embryonic cells (which are very potential but due to ethical considerations, limited studies have been done on them) and postnatal cells. Postnatal cells are divided into two categories, which include,Hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into multiple cells, including tenocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. these cells are a potential alternative to treating tendon lesions. This article presentan overview of the structure, biomechanics and disorders of tendon and, while pointing to the common therapies today, introduces stem cells, retrospective studies and possibility of using these cells in the optimal treatment of tendon disorders.

Background: There is considerable controversy in scientific literature regarding the need to monitor the complete blood count of patients undergoing radiation therapy. While some advocate weekly examination of the peripheral blood, others deem it unnecessary. Since reduction in the number of blood cells has considerable effect on the treatment outcome, this study evaluates the effect of pelvic radiation therapy on the number of blood cells. Methods and Materials: This study designed as a cohort study of pre- and post-treatment evaluation. After excluding patients who didn’t complete treatment or had problem in first blood count, 51 patients who had received radiation therapy in pelvis area selected, evaluated by taking a blood sample before and 24-48 hours after completion of the radiation course, thus comparing the mean count of the circulating blood cells before and after therapy. The average of hemoglobin and white blood cell count compared by t-test and after stratified patients according to dose and volume to “low”, “moderate” and “high” groups, averages compared by ANOVA. Results: Fifty-one patients included 25 male and 26 female evaluated. The mean of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets decreased. However, a significant difference in white and red blood cells was found. Conclusions: In despite of significance difference between means of red and white blood cells, there is no need for blood transfusion or increase risk of infection due to this reduction, so this reduction isn’t clinically significant. It is recommended that weekly monitoring of CBC in patients with normal CBC before radiotherapy is non necessary.

Introduction: Squamaus cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of head and neck. According to clinical stage of disease, radiotherapy and/or surgery is (are) used far treatment of these tumors. Although improvement of treatment results has been reported with chemoradiotherapy, still some controversy exists about the benefit of adding chemotherapy. This study-compares chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck were categorized into two groups randomly. The first group was designed to receive conventional fractionation radiation therapy (75 patients), ranging from 50 to 70 Gy (5 fractions per week and 2 Gy per fraction) and the other group was planned to get combined chemoradiotherapy (75 patients). Chemotherapy regimen consisted of cisplatin (100mg/m2) and 5-flluorouracil (750mg/m2), given every 3 weeks concurrent or after radiotherapy. Results: Initial response was seen in 69.4% following radiotherapy and 85.7% after chemoradiation (p=0.031). Recurrence (locoregional or distant) was seen in 46.7% and 26.2% of patients in radiotherapy and chemotherapy group, respectively. Mean time for recurrence after treatment was 8.58 and 7.17 months in 2 groups, respectively.Conclusion: Addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy causes decrease in recurrence and increase in initial response rate in squamous cell cancers of head and neck.