Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), an emerging infectious disease first reported from the Chinese province of Guangdong, has already caused one worldwide outbreak. The syndrome spread across the globe by travelers. The etiologic agent was unknown at the beginning, but because of the rapid spread of the disease, an infectious agent with high transmission potency was suspected. Later workers at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) succeeded in isolating a new coronavirus with a distinct genome from SARS patients. This new virus spread all over the world in a few weeks and the epidemic peaked in March and April. Within a short period of time, the epidemic inflicted huge economic losses on the involved countries, especially in Asia. Finally the outbreak was contained in July, 2003. But is this really the end of SARS? the are no easy answers. Considering this new disease and the probability of its reemergence, it is necessary for all health care workers to be familiar with some features of the syndrome (clinical and laboratory findings, approach to patients, routes of transmission; pre and post-travel recommendations and ways to control the infection). We will provide you with some important information about this new emerging disease from a variety of sources.      

2COVID-19 is a major worldwide health concern that is linked to severe morbidity and mortality. In contrast to the majority of COVID-19 patients who experience moderate symptoms, about 5% of the patients experience serious manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and fatal organ failure. Although pneumonia is the main symptom of COVID-19, other organs, such as the kidneys, might also be affected by the condition. Acute kidney injury is one of the most frequent extrapulmonary symptoms of severe COVID-19. Indeed, it has been suggested that COVID-19 affects the kidney as the second most common organ after the lungs. This is due to the fact that the virus attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which have significant expression in the kidney, before entering the host cells. It is important to follow up and monitor patients with COVID-19 for the occurrence of kidney damage, as timely treatment measures will lead to better clinical results and lower patient mortality. Even minor renal function impairment is a distinct risk factor for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infections can raise mortality for those with underlying renal disorders as well as make it more difficult to treat and care for them. It can also produce new kidney damage. Kidney tubular damage is the predominant symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection's impact on the kidney, with proteinuria as the primary clinical symptom. The pathogenesis of kidney and damage in COVID-19 patients is varied and complicated. In COVID-19 patients, the virus has the ability to infect renal tubular epithelium and podocytes directly, which is linked to Bowman's capsule protein leakage, acute tubular necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and collapsing glomerulopathy. Other causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients, including cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and macrophage activation syndrome, have been caused by SARS-CoV-2-induced immune response dysregulation. Interactions between organs, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, sepsis, and rhabdomyolysis are considered other major AKI mechanisms. In the present review, we focus on the role of each of these factors involved in AKI in COVID-19 patients.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome consisting of tachypnea, refractory hypoxemia, and diffuse opacities on chest radiographs after infection or trauma which ultimately leads to respiratory failure. The principles of treatment are based on patient care in ICU, mechanical ventilation and medical treatments. By using lower plateau, less tidal volume, higher positive end-expiratory pressure, fluid restriction, treatment of infections and avoiding any high-dose steroids can improve the survival of these patients. In this paper, we present a case of ARDS in a patient with suspected influenza.

Background: Available data about the prognostic factors in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are controversial. The goal of our study was to determine the prognostic factors of outcome in children with ARDS.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 88 children with ARDS in Imam Hossein children hospital, Isfahan, Iran, were recruited in a period of 2 years. According to outcomes, patient allocated into two groups of deceased and discharged. Patients’ characteristics including age and gender, underlying disorders, parameters of mechanical ventilations, arterial blood gas, organ involvement, and pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score were compared between the two groups.Findings: Higher PRISM score, higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and presence of other organ involvement were predictive factors of mortality (P<0.05). However, age, gender, length of stay, weight, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) were not different significantly between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: The PRISM score was a reliable predictor for mortality rate among the patients with ARDS in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

On December 31, 2019, pneumonia due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly known as 2019-nCoV) appeared to Wuhan, China, and COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS. CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. Until April 18, 2020, 2275783 were confirmed and 156104 deaths worldwide reported. This paper presents an overview of the findings that scientists have realized so far. In this study articles indexed in Embase, Elsevier, PubMed, Google Scholar and using keywords SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Coronavirus 2019 and nCoV-2019 were used. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used the world's most reputable websites to obtain the latest COVID-19 disease statistics. In the initial search, 500 articles were extracted and 55 articles were selected after duplication and evaluation of title and abstract. The results show that the mortality rate of the virus in the elderly and people with underlying diseases is significantly higher than in the healthy ones. High-risk groups for the disease include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and hypertension, respectively. The novel coronavirus pandemic is more widespread in humans compared to previous coronaviruses, which indicates the extremely high prevalence of the virus. No vaccine or cure has been found for the virus so far, but supportive treatments and early diagnosis are effective in the treatment process, and there are many treatments around the world for the treatment of COVID-19.