Lilium ledebourii Boiss is a native flower in the north of Iran, however it is an endangered species. In order to introduce and domesticate endemic plants, the first step is evaluation for propagation. One of the best and most propagation vegetative method of Lilies is in vitro scale culture using plant growth regulators in different condition. This experiment conducted using a completely randomized design  (CRC) with four factors. 1- Light period at two levels:A: Lightness (16 hr light and 8 hr dark) B: darkness (24 hr dark). 2- Regional explant at two levels: A: Half distal scale, B: Half basal scale. 3-Concentrations of 6-benzylamynopurine (BAP) at three levels A: Zero or control B:0.01 mgl-1 C:0.1 mgl-1 4- Concentrations of α-naphtalen acetic acid (NAA) at four level A: Zero B: 0.01 mgl-1 C:0.05 mgl-1 D:0.1 mgl-1 Analysis of variance was performed on the collected data, and mean comparison was carried out, using Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05). Results showed that light period increased the total weight, number of bulblets and regeneration percentage, whereas darkness treatment increased weight of bulblets and rooting percentage. Number and weight of bulblets, regeneration percentage and number of roots was better when explant obtained from basal scale. Different concentration of BAP had significant effect on some traits. The highest number of bulblets, rooting and regeneration percentage obtained in control treatment and the greatest weight of bulblets obtained by 0.1 mgl-1 BAP and the highest number of roots obtained in control and 0.01 mgl-1 BAP.Different concentration of NAA had also significant effects on some traits. The greatest total weight and number of bulblets obtained by 0.1 mgl-1 NAA and the weight of bulblets increased in all of the NAA concentrations. Concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mgl-1 NAA increased number of roots and rooting percentage.

The author starts his paper with the assertion that literary language owes a part of its "literariness" to defamiliarization of speech, or in other words, to transforming everyday speech into something unconventional and novel. He then passes on to describe some of the unconventional ways that classical Persian poets have used pronouns in their work. Among these, is the omission of the pronoun's antecedent, which is not normally permissible in ordinary speech. Another practice is to use a personal pronoun (من وتو،...)where the meaning goes far beyond one person and an impersonal pronoun (e.g. انسان) should have been used. Or the second person singular pronoun تو which is used variously to refer to God or to one's earthly beloved or to a whole range of persons.Such unconventionality in the use of pronouns, the author states, allows the poet to substitute one pronominal form for another without inflicting any damage on the form or sense of the language. And this is something that can only be done in poetry.

In this research the effects of plants growth regulator on the micropropagation of two ornamental flower Tulipa gesneriana and Lilium bulbiferum in a completely randomize block repeated three times. The common practice for wild and bread tulips is to plant the bulb and for Lilium to separate the green bulbs from the main. bulb. A variety of methods of micropropagation can be used to further reproduce these plants. In the first experiment conducted to plant the tulip seeds and to help callus formation, it was revealed that various 2,4-D concentrations significantly affect the rate of seed germination to the extent that a 10 milligram/Liter concentration of this hormone will produce maximal callus formation of germination in the dark, though it will not make a significant difference in the dark and in the light. To continue this experiment also conducted on tulip, to plant the pieces of the explanted tulip’s bulb scale using 10 mg/l 2,4-D hormone, it was revealed that the hormone signficantly affected the callus formation. Further, the effect of darkness and light was studies using this hormone, such that it was revealed that greatest callus formation occurs in the dark. In the second experiment where the pieces of the explanted Lilium bulb scale grew in the base culture medium with 5 mg/l benzyl-adenine BA, the surface of the planted pieces revealed shoot germination which on cold treatment and recuiture in a medium containing dimethyl sulphoxide DMSO, produced stems. To the continue research on the Lilium, the combined effect of Naphthalene acetic acid NAA and of benzyl adenine BA on the pieces of explanted bulb scale, revealed that a great quantity of callus was formed in the base medium containing 5 mg/lit of this hormone significantly affected the callus formation, where the individual effect of NAA and 2,4-D hormones studies, revealed that the varied concentrations of NAA in the culture medium, produced more callusd than for the control, such that the greatest callus formation occurred in the 2.5 milligram/Liter concentrations. On Further experimentation, the effects of 2, 4-D alone on the pieces of the Lilium explanted bulb scale revealed the greatest quantity of callus formation in a base medium containing 2.5 milligram/liter of 2.4-D. Further, on comparing 2, 4-D and NAA, it was revealed that NAA has a greater effects on callus formation.

In this research, anatomy and palynology of Muscari Mill. species in Iran were studied. Muscari is belong to Liliaceae family of Liliales order. This genus has 7 species of 3 subgenus: Leopoldia, Botryanthus and Pseudomuscari in Iran. For anatomy studying, It's prepared fongitudinal and cross sections of root, stem and leaf by microtome and painted by double - staining. In palynology studying equatorial and polar length were Studied by LM and researched surface of them by SEM. In anatomy, we can not regcognize difference between species and subgenuses but about pollen, there is differences between subgenus.

The study area with coordination of 54° 30¢ to 54° 39> E and 35° 18> to 35° 21> N is located in Moalleman area, in the south west of Torud Quadrangle. In the structural-sedimentary zoning, this area belongs to depression parts. In the north part of the areae, equivalent of the Karaj Formation crops out from Sosanvar village to the south of Gandi kaolinite deposit. This formation is composed litho logically of shale, mar1, sandstone, limestone, dolostone, radiolarite, tuffite, zeolite, and bentonite with the age of Lutetian (Middle Eocene). This paper has been focused on the types, composition, and environment of bentonite and zeolite layers of So sanvar bentonite and Gandi zeolite formation.Accordingto these investigations the bentonites and zeolites have been formed from acidic volcanic glass (ryolitic and dacitic) andtheir magmatic series is alkaline.Conversion of glass to bentonite and zeolite has occurred under diagenetic conditions in shallow sea water (e.g. lagoon). In diageneticconditions, the bentonites have absorbed magnesium and calcium and zeolites absorbed sodium and potassium. The clay form of this Wyoming-type bentonite is smectite (bedellite) and zeolites are Na-clinoptilolite type.

Iran is one of the most important distribution areas of Chelcheragh lily (Lilium ledebouri) in the world. In the process of identification, evaluation and finally commercialization of potential germplasms, propagation of a new plant (new crop) is one of the most important factors that should be investigated. To investigate the influence of scale position, different temperatures and media on the regenerated bulblets indices, and also effect of cold treatment on removal of dormancy of bulblets, separate experiments were carried out. Results showed that outer and middle scales at 20 and 25 oC regenerated more bulblets with better properties than inner scales. Regeneration of bulblets was inhibited completely at 30 oC. The highest number of bulblets were regenerated in middle scales and in tree bark+ tea wastes medium that was not significantly different from those regenerated with outer scale and tree bark+tea wastes, peat+perlite, and sand+perlite. Regenerated bulblets were non-green leaf bulblets and dormant. Bulblets needed to 3-5 oC for 6-8 weeks, until 70-84% of them can produce leaf. In this study, it was also cleared that number of regenerated bulblets in cold passed bulbs treatment did not differ from those of non-cold passed bulb treatment.