CS Lewis and Motahari are two monotheistic thinkers who have tried to provide a solution to the problem of evil. C.S. Lewis, one of the defenders of Christianity, tried to solve the problem of evil by correcting the meaning of concepts such as absolute power, absolute benevolence and human happiness. He also justifies the existence of evil by presenting the speaker's theodicy, which is based on the educational benefits of evil. Lewis also proposes a practical solution to the problem of evil. Professor Motahari also rejects the objections to divine justice by analyzing the nature of evil and nonexistence and considering it relative, as well as justifying evil by using the educational benefits of evil. He also considers evil to be inseparable from the structure of the world. The findings of the research show that Lewis's theory is generally based on the doctrine of descent. which causes fundamental problems in his theory, hence Professor Motahari's answer is more successful.

This research was conducted in 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of penoxsulan SC 240 as a new rice selective herbicide. Penoxsulam at 24, 30, 36 and 42 g ha-1 was compared with mixture of anylofus and ethoxysulfuron (Sunrise) at 945 g ha-1, tank mix application of butachlor plus cinosulfuron at 900+20 g ha-1, and butachlor plus bensulfuron at 100+45 g ha-1 for controlling barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), Cyperus difformis and rice broadleaf weeds. Efficacy of penoxsulam at 36 and 42 g ha-1 in control of E. crus-galli was the same as that of the other herbicide treatments and better than its application at 24 or 30 g ha-1. Penoxsulam at 36 or 42 g ha-1 and Sunrise were more efficient in control of C. difformis than the other treatments. In control of Alisma plantago-aquatica, penoxsulam at 36 and 42 g ha-1 had no significant difference with the other herbicides, but was significantly more efficient than its application at 24 or 30 g ha-1. Penoxsulam at 42 g ha-1 controlled Sagitaria trifolia same as Sunrise and significantly better than the other treatments. All herbicides greatly reduced the dry weight of the target weeds. The herbicides showed no any evidence of phytotoxicity on rice and had no effect on rice plant height and dry weight, compared with weedy check.

From the perspective of the states that their foreign policy is based on geo-economy, the economy is the most important mechanism of influence in target areas. Therefore, with the strengthening of trade relations would be in an appropriate level to increase the mutual relations. After the independence of central Eurasian states, geographical-political events of Central Eurasia led to the creation of new economic and political relations at the heart of Eurasia, especially in creation and booming of new markets for businesses in this region. This is while Iran as one of the most important neighboring states has a suitable strategic position to capture trade markets of this region.

This study investigates the articles published by the faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon in reputable scientific sources at ISI, ISC, and Scopus databases. The findings of this study showed a total of 7166citations by the group in three bases, of which 3917 (%55) to basic science, 860 (%12) to humanities and social sciences 2333 (%33) and There were 57 cases (%0. 8). Most citations (%88. 7) were in the form of articles. The research hypothesis that faculty members of Tonekabon Azad University cite more scientific journals in journal articles proves the highest percentage of citations among faculty members' tendencies to basic science researchers with %55 and the lowest percentage of citations to physicians. And humanities and engineering sciences with citation rates of %33 and %12, respectively. In terms of language, English sources were more widely cited than sources in other languages. The number of citations to printed / electronic sources in faculty articles of all colleges was very high. And the research hypothesis that faculty members at Tonekabon Azad University rely more on print sources than on non-print sources to write scientific papers rejects and does not substantiate it. And the low percentage of citations to theses The thesis hypothesis confirms little contribution to the research papers of the researched university.

Background and Objectives: The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pests of soybean fields. This mite is one of the most important and harmful pests of soybeans in hot and dry summers, which often begins to cause damage at the end of the growing stage and the beginning of the reproductive stage of plants. Damaged leaves turn yellow and brown and fall off prematurely. The severity of the damage of this pest is greater when the distance between the plants is short and irrigation is not enough. This mite feed on soybean leaves and cause injury by sucking contents out of leaf cells. In severe infestations, infested leaves will turn yellow to tan, or sometimes bronze-colored, and may drop off plants. Infestations can reduce yield. In most cases, the use of acaricides is the only way to control this pest. The use of new acaricides while avoiding their resistance is important for plant mites control. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in soybean fields of Golestan and Ardabil provinces (Moghan) with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were, including clorfenapyr (Payton®, ) 36% SC 0. 5 ml/L (recommended dose), clorfenapyr (Payton®, ) 36% SC 0. 4 ml/L, propargite (Omite®, ) 57% EC 1 ml/L (recommended dose), bromopropylate (Neuron®, ) 25% EC 1 ml/L (recommended dose), hexythiazox (Nissorun®, ) 10%EC 0. 75 ml/L (recommended dose) and a control treatment by spraying water. Mean number of mites per leaf was counted one day before and 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying in three floors of plant (bottom, middle and top of plant). The percentage of efficiency was calculated by the Henderson-Tilton method. Statistical analyses were done using SAS software with randomized complete block design in multiple spaces. Data analysis and comparison of means were performed using Tukey test. Results: The efficacy of studied acaricides was acceptable in all three floors. In Moghan and Glostan province, before spraying on the lower, middle and upper leaves of soybean plants, the number of T. urticae mites counted per leaf in different treatments did not differ significantly. Clorfenapyr (Payton®, ) was effective after 3 days. The percent mortality of mites when were treated with clorfenapyr (0. 5 ml/L) in the upper, lower and middle floors was 83-86% in Ardabil province, although has been reported 72-84% for Payton (0. 4 ml/L). While in Golestan province, it has been 100%. The efficacy of the compound was 68-72% (0. 4 ml/L) and 78-94% (0. 5 ml/L) in Ardabil province (Moghan) and was 100% in Golestan province after 7 days. The knock down effect of this acaricide compared the others was significant. The efficacy of the compound was up to 99% (Ardabil province) and 96% Golestan province after 28 days that indicated the persistence of these acaricides. The results showed that two-spotted spider mite on the lower leaves in both provinces showed more infection. However when used pesticides, it did not show any significant differences. The percentage mortality of mites in Moghan were reported for Payton (0. 4 ml/L) (86. 32 ±,2. 75%, 83. 61 ±, 7. 21%), (78. 49 ±,4. 01%, 82. 87 ±,4. 58%), (93. 52 ±,1. 47%, 74. 80 ±,9. 91%), (95. 12 ±,3. 90%, 80. 39 ±,3. 54%) and (99. 33 ±,0. 67%, 84. 82 ±,8. 29%) respectively after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in lower leaves, while the percentage mortality of the spider mites when treated with Payton (0. 5 ml/L) after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days were 100 ±,0%, 100 ±,0 %, 94. 94 ±,5. 05%, 100 ±,0% and 93. 95 ±,4. 72% and for Payton (0. 5 ml/L) were 100 ±,0%, 100 ±,0%, 88. 80 ±,8. 57%, 95. 02 ±,2. 87% and 85. 51±,4. 92% in lower leaves in Glostan province. Discussion: It is recommended to use chlorfenapyr acaricide with Payton brand due to high short-term effect (three days after spraying) and duration of action up to 28 days after spraying to control two-spotted spider mite in soybean fields. These compounds showed acceptable efficacy in controlling two-spotted sider mites on soybean fields. In most cases, the application of the two concentrations of the clorfenapyr was not significantly different, but the percent mortality was more when it treated with 0. 4 ml/L. The number mites in lower floors of soybean was more than the upper and middle floors, but after the application of this pesticides was not significantly different. Based on these results, we recommend the 0. 4 ml/L dose of clorfenapyr (Payton®, ) for the control of two-spotted spider mite in soybean fields.

Introduction: Three mite species (Panonychus citri (McGregor)), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) in Caspian costal region in north part Iran and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein in southern part of the country playing major mite pests role in citrus orchards. An increase of Panonychus citri population activities onset with spring season and this mite damages on leaves and greenhouse shield of different citrus species mostly occurred during middle part of spring season and extended up to late summer season under low amount and number of rainfalls happened. At present control of this mite damages on citrus spp mostly depended to pesticide application in various citrus orchards in Mazandaran and other neighboring citrus growing provinces. Moreover, the highest amount of acaricides used in Mazandaran province applied for control of citrus mite pests only. To avoid further P. citri population resistance to limited number of pesticides available in market, introducing, a new compound of acaricide which being effective on eggs and active stages of this mite pests is necessary for sustainable mite pest management program. Materials and Methods: In this study, effects of two doses (0. 2, 0. 3 ml) of Envidorspeed 24% SC were investigated in comparison to registered acaricides (Spirodiclofen 240 SC, 0. 3 ml/l, Abamectin 1. 8% EC, 20ml+250ml horticultural oil/100l water, Fenpyroximate 5% SC, 0. 5 ml/l), organic pesticides (Biomite 2. 5ml/l, Mineral silicon liquid 5%), detergent (Detergent of Goli 1. 5%), Control treatment (water sprayed) were investigated on P. citri active stages in eastern and western parts of Mazandaran province. Those pesticides applied at the time of observing 5 active mite stages observed in 30 % of infested leaves collected randomly. Number of mobile mite stages on upper surface of 48 citrus leaves randomly collected from each treatment, mobile mites counted and registered with the help of stereomicroscope at laboratory conditions. Collected raw data of mite at one day before, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatments converted with Henderson-tilton formula into mortality%. Statistical analysis variance on mean mortality% done with SAS software and grouping of those treatment carried out according Duncan multiple range test methods. Side effects of those treatments on citrus natural enemy’, s trees (mostly predatory mites from Phytoseiidae, Tydeidae, Cunaxidae, Stigmaeidae, Erythraeidae, and Trombidiidae) and few predatory insects, evaluated by data collected one day before treatments with data of natural enemies collected 21 days after treatments. Quantities damages of this mite pest on citrus fruit weight were also evaluated from end of leaves sampling treatments for toxicities at interval of one month during 3 months sampling period. Amount of mite damages in each treatment determined by random collection of 16 citrus fruits from middle part of citrus trees of each treatment and weighted them at each interval time until harvesting time in autumn season. Results and Discussion: Result of both Envidorspeed doses efficiency in control of citrus red mite caused absolute mite control (100%) through sampling period of time. Mean population of 8. 01 mite active stages recorded on upper surface of orange leaves did not influences on mite mortality % in eastern part of Mazandaran province. The organic treatments effects (Biomite 2. 5ml/l, Mineral silicon liquid 5%) on citrus mite pest observed almost identical to effects of those registered acaricides applied in this study. The mite mortality% in eastern part found higher than western part of province. The different caused by this phenomena, mostly related to higher rate of rainfall in west than east part of this province as decreasing toxicity of pesticides affects. Maximum and minimum number of natural enemies as compared to controlled treatment were recorded for 0. 3 ml/l of Envidorspeed dose and biomite organic pesticide, detergent (Goli 1. 5%) treatments respectively. Less side effects of treatments toxicity recorded on an Oribatida mite (Scheloribates sp. ) population, whereas harmful effects of them observed on two species of phytoseiid mite family (Amblyseius herbicolus, Typhlodromus caspiansis). Statistical analysis of citrus red mite damages on weight of citrus fruits at different treatments compared with control treatment did not showed a significant differences (p>0. 05) and all treatment remained in a same group according Duncan method. According published articles, proper rate of citrus red mite damages on oranges or other citrus species remained unknown. Conclusion: This finding suggested that, if lower Envidorspeed dose (0. 2ml/l) applied at early stages of citrus red mite population, up to 33% cost of pesticide will reduce, protect further environmental pollution at citrus orchards which broadly scattered through Mazandaran province.

In this paper, according to C. S. Lewis’s approach to moral objectivism and belief in some sort of relativism in ethical behavior, and also considering his theistic view to human moral life, we will explain part of moral philosophy Motahari and to justify his belief in moral relativism in behaviors and customs in various societies human, we will follow this claim that Motahari, like Lewis, belief that moral values is absolute, eternal and true and generally objective, and he supported of theistic view as backup and represents of moral values. By comparison between these philosophical discourses of two philosophers will be obvious that transcendent moral principles and values can be achieved only by believe in absolute and eternal moral values and believe in existence of God as the protector of this moral life and will be obvious that believe in Meta-ethics relativism, that influenced by the materialist view of the universe, can’t justify properly this transcendent and holy principles and values.