Anesthesia in birds is associated with high risks. To resolve this problem, we have to find a drug that is compatible with avian physiology and anatomy. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and pathological effects of metamizol with midazolam as premedication in pigeons. For this purpose, eighteen male adult pigeons with the mean age of two years and weight of 300 gm, were randomly divided into three groups with six individuals per group. Group I was the control group, in which the pigeons were given an intramuscular (IM) injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Each pigeon in group II was given an IM injection of midazolam at 6 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. Also, each pigeon in group III was given an IM injection of metamizole at 500 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection. In order to determine the depth of anesthesia in each group and within 5 min from the last injection, various clinical reflexes were evaluated on the body of each pigeon. Also, postmortem examinations were performed to assess tissue damages in the liver and kidney tissues. The results of clinical evaluation in three groups showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the various clinical reflexes between group III, compared with groups I and II. Also, the results of histopathological analysis indicated minimal changes in metamizole treated pigeon in compared with midazolam treated group. Based on these result it seems that metamizole plus ketamine could be used as a suitable combination for anesthesia of pigeon.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and opioids are of drugs that have been widely used to manage the pain after orthopedic surgery in human and animals. The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory effects of metamizol and tramadol on bone defect healing in rabbit tibia. In this study, thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups. A five mm in diameter circular defect was created on the medial surface of the tibial metaphyseal region of the right foot of each rabbit. Respectively, in metamizole and tramadol groups, metamizole, 5 mg / kg and tramadol 4 mg/ kg were subcutaneously administrated in a 5-day course of treatment every 12 hours and then every 24 hours for three-days. Defect healing was assessed by obtaining radiographs on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days after surgery.Also, histopathologic evaluation was done at 7, 21 and 45 days using Goldner’s trichrome staining. It also represents a faster start filling defect in the histopathological study, following administration of tramadol compared with metamizole. Also, at the end of the study, tramadol achived more filling defect points compared with metamizole. The results of this study showed that the beginning of the process of callus formation in metamizol was later than tramadol, so there was a significant difference between groups, in the formation of callus so that in the radiographs taken on 14, 28 and 35 days. The results of this study showed that in comparison with tramadol, metamizol has more effects in slowing bone repair.

In this research eighteen male pigeons with an approximate age of two years and weight of 300 gm, were divided into three groups with six individuals per group. In group I the pigeons were given an intramuscular injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg body weight. Each pigeon in group II was given an IM injection of midazolam at 6 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight within 5 min following the first injection were used. Also, in group III pigeons were given an IM injection of metamizole at 500 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at 40 mg/kg body weight in the same method was used. The serological and clinical changes in the three groups were evaluated. A record was maintained of the signs of clinical and serological changes in each group. In order to determine the depth of anesthesia in each group and within 5 min from the last injection, various clinical reflexes evaluated on the body of each pigeon. Also, serological examination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetic transaminase (OT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTf) were done. The results of clinical finding showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the various clinical reflexes between group III, compared with groups I and II. Also, the results of the serological review in three groups showed that there were significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean values of ALP and OT. Finally, it seems that metamizole plus ketamine is comparatively the anesthesia drug of choice in birds.

Objective-Because of the several differences between avian and mammalian physiology and anatomy, avian anesthesia requires to be more attentive. The aim of this study was to determine a safe injectable anesthetic agent that had more compatibility with the avian features. Design-Experimental study Animals-Twelve male pigeons Procedure-The pigeons weighing 302± 35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into two groups (n=6). In group 1, midazolam (6 mg/kg,-IM) and in group 2, metamizole (500 mg/kg,-IM) were administrated as the pre-anesthetic agents and thereafter, propofol (8 mg/kg,-IV) was injected as the main anesthetic drug in both groups. The serum enzymatic changes were analyzed before and 1 hour after the last injection. Histopathological examinations of the liver and kidneys were also evaluated in terms of possible damages to the tissue. Results-The results of blood biochemistry evaluation in group 1 showed significant changes in the levels of AST and LDH before and after the injections (p<0. 05). Histopathology results revealed significant changes in liver parameters in both groups. However, these changes were seen more prominent in group 1 (p<0. 05). Also, none of the drugs of both groups had a negative impact on the kidney tissue (p>0. 05). Conclusion and clinical relevance-Based on the results, metamizole and propofol combination showed that is safer than midazolam and propofol in terms of blood biochemical and histopathological evaluations and is more compatible with pigeons.