It is necessary to investigate what a translator needs in order to translate a text from one language to another, to design a training programme. For this purpose, the mental activities that a translator goes through in order to comprehend a text and then convert it into another language are described. Based on this, suggestion is made concerning how to select students for an M.A. programme in translation and train them for this purpose.

The present article seeks to study the concept of "attentiveness" in translation studies. This concept was introduced for the first time in psychology, then in second language teaching. In the field of translation studies, we will talk about "the attentiveness of the translator. " Firstly, we refer to the explanation of the concept from the point of view of its exponent, Eric Berne, and then we will use this version in the translation studies. From the importance of translation in the present era, we will find the importance of the translator and we will see that the interpreter, through translating, needs to be seen and filled with gratitude. In another part of this article, we will examine the causes of the attentiveness of the translator's paradoxical branches, the death and survival and contribution of the translator in power. A part of the forthcoming article is devoted to translators and interpreters will to take the form that we will explain.

The present article discusses and analyzes the following points:1. The meaning of translation and its difference from commentary2. The characteristics of a good translator, includingA. The knowledge and command of both languages and the subtletiesB. The knowledge and command of grammatical rules and literary expressions in both languagesC. The knowledge and command of lexical and semantic variety in both languages

This paper examines cases of the translator's presence in translated narrative texts. After reviewing the literature, Hermans believes that a translated text belongs to the second voice which is always present in a translation. The paper elaborates, through some translated passages into Persian, upon three cases of a translator's presence; namely, cases where the text s orientation towards an implied reader is directly at issue; cases of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality; certain cases of contextual overdetermination. Having referred to Venuti's (in) visibility, resistance and minoritization, this paper refers to Venuti's ways of domesticating and foreignizing the translation. Finally, it mentions other ways in which a translator shows him/ herself through the translation.

Performance of the interpreters could in many ways be assessed by the audience, whether professional, or not. Coming out of a conference, or a negotiating session in which an interpreter performed as a mediator between and among a number of individuals involved, s/he may hear a number of different types of comments on his/her performance, such as "had it not been for the quick wit of the interpreter, we wouldn't have come out of the session with agreement.", or " what a talented interpreter. He perfectly handled both sides so swiftly and authoritatively," One thing we must bear in mind is that not all comments are in favor of the interpreters and their performances. It is possible that the interpreters will be the target of strong criticisms by the audience of a lecture delivered, or the negotiating members of a delegation. It is thus the objective of the present paper to glance at the performance of interpreters and find out why some of them prove weak in their performances. In other words, the present paper is aimed at providing interpreter trainees and probably novice interpreters with certain dues so that they can overcome their weaknesses and prove successful mediators in probably all sessions their performance is required. Now, let us investigate the probable weaknesses of interpreters and find out if it is possible to categorize them. Attempts will also be made to/ provide possible solution to the probable problems in this connection.