Kalman filter is a classic iterative estimation technique widely used to estimate states and parameters of linear dynamic systems with white Gaussian measurement and process noises. However, if the measurement noises are predominant, resulting in a poor signal-to-noise ratio, the estimator fails to provide allowable error covariance and optimal state estimation. In such circumstances, to enhance the estimation accuracy, measurement constraints need to be incorporated into the estimation routine. Through this work, a Quadratic Program-based Constrained Kalman Estimation (QP-CKE) estimation sequence is proposed and developed to handle the additive measurement noise constraints. This is implemented by incorporating a deconvoluted quadratic program with a modified Kalman estimation paradigm to handle the constraint cost function. Composition estimation in a laboratory binary distillation process for ethanol-water mixture separation under steady-state operating conditions is used as a case study. Noise augmented Two Input Two Output (TITO) linearized dynamic model of the process is established by inferring Gaussian distributed tray temperature measurements and mixture vapor-liquid equilibrium data. The performance of this new estimator is tested for top and bottom composition estimation for step input excitation for reflux rate and reboiler power inputs under feed flow disturbances and the results are compared with that of conventional Kalman and Q adaptive Kalman estimators. The performance of the proposed estimator proves to be competent with reasonable computational speed and improved estimation accuracy. Also, relative volatility and vapor-liquid equilibrium trends are derived from estimated tray composition data, and results are found in good relevance with that of the experimental data.

Rising temperature plays a significant role in global warming and has consequences on human health conditions, ecosystems, energy etc. Hence, studying and monitoring its states will help scientists seek solutions to prevent its harmful effects. In this study, we investigated the Earth's surface temperature anomaly fluctuations by fractal analysis. We gathered the temperature anomaly dataset including land and sea surface temperatures. The maximum, minimum, and average temperatures of each year were investigated. Furthermore, we used multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) to figure out whether these fluctuations appear randomly or follow a rule. By removing the trend and applying the MFDFA on data, the Hurst exponent obtained as H=0.83±0.02, which means a positive long-term correlation exists among data that causes the increasing trend. Besides, the scalability exponent, τ(q), and the singularity spectrum, f(α), were plotted, and both of them approved the multifractality for the temperature dataset. To discover what is the cause of multifractality, the main, shuffling, and surrogating data were evaluated. The results depicted both the long correlation for small and large fluctuations and the distribution deviation from Gaussian distribution have effects on the multifractal behavior of the data, but according to the graph, the long correlation is more effective.

Purpose: To compare the intraocular lens (IOLs) power calculated with Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas between the IOLs Master 500 and Pentacam AXL according to the lens status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sampling was done in subjects above 60 years living in Tehran using multi-stage cluster sampling. All participants underwent optometric examinations including the measurement of visual acuity and refraction as well as slit-lamp biomicroscopy to determine the lens status. Biometric measurements and IOLs power calculation were done using the IOL Master 500 and Pentacam AXL. The order of imaging modalities was random in subjects. IOL power calculation was done according to optimized ULIB constants for the Alcon SA60AT lens. The IOL power was calculated according to a target refraction of emmetropia in all subjects. Results: After applying the exclusion criteria, 1865 right eyes were analyzed. The mean IOL difference between the two devices was −0. 33 ± 0. 35, −0. 38 ± 0. 39, −0. 41 ± 0. 43, and −0. 51 ± 0. 43 according to the SRK/T, Holladay, Hoffer Q, and Haigis formulas, respectively. The Pentacam calculated larger IOL power values in all cases. The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) between the two devices for the above formulas were −1. 01 to 0. 35, −1. 14 to 0. 39, −1. 25 to 0. 43, and −1. 35 to 0. 33, respectively. The best LoA were observed in normal lenses for all formulas. The difference in the calculated IOL power between the two devices using the four formulas had a significant correlation with axial length, mean keratometry reading, and anterior chamber depth. According to the results of the four formulas, mean keratometry reading had the highest standardized regression coefficient in all formulas. Conclusion: Although the difference in the calculated IOL power between IOL Master 500 and Pentacam AXL is not significant clinically, the results of these two devices are not interchangeable due to the wide LoA, especially for the Haigis formula,therefore, it is necessary to optimize lens constants for the Pentacam.

This paper proposes the improved hierarchical- based control of Microgrid based on proportional and multi-resonance controllers to compensate for harmonic distortion of nonlinear loads. Moreover, the probable transition of MG, especially from grid-connected to unplanned islanding and unintentional MG resources outage are studied. In current and voltage controllers of three-phase VSIs which are located in the inner level, the proportional and multi-resonant controllers are implemented. To attain proper decoupled (P-Q) power-sharing, a selective harmonic type virtual impedance, and a droop-based control are implemented at the primary level. Next, to reach better restoration and subsequently, seamless transition in accidental islanding, unintentional MG-DG’s outage, and synchronization process, the advanced three-phase SRF-PLL with in-loop MAF along with a simple adaptive lookup table are implemented in the secondary level of control. The MATLAB/Simulink simulation results verified that the proposed method improved the performance of control, effectiveness, and robustness in upstream or local grid variation.

Objectives: The patient evaluation measure (PEM) evaluates the hand health profile. Having an appropriate measurement tool for the assessment of hand outcomes in Iranian individuals with wrist disorders is essential for clinical and research settings. The objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric features of the PEM in Iranian individuals with wrist disorders. Methods: Ninety individuals with wrist disorders were recruited. Hand outcome was evaluated with the PEM, quick-disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (Q-DASH), visual analogue scale-pain (VAS-P), and JAMAR hand-grip dynamometer. The PEM was translated into Persian. Face, content, and convergent validity was examined. Also, acceptability, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and absolute reliability were calculated. Results: All questions had an item impact score and CVR score of >1. 5 and >0. 42, respectively. All questions except for question 1 (CVI=0. 76) and 10 (CVI=0. 73) of section B had a CVI score of <0. 79. After changes were applied, the CVI score for these questions (question 1=0. 83,question 10=0. 87) reached acceptable criteria. The total score of the PEM showed a significant moderate correlation with Q-DASH (ρ, =0. 51,P<0. 001) and VAS-P (ρ, =0. 55,P<0. 001) and an insignificant weak correlation with grip strength (ρ, =0. 11,P>0. 05). Floor and ceiling effects were 0% for the total PEM score. The Cronbach’, s α,and intra-class correlation values were 0. 72-0. 87 and 0. 96-0. 98, respectively. Discussion: The present study suggests that the PEM has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring performance and satisfaction in individuals with wrist disorders. This measure might contribute as an outcome measure in research and routine assessments in clinical practice.

Background: Whether combination administration of angiotensin? converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and beta? blockers (BBs) has a “reversal” effect on cardiac structure and function for first? diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (FSIDCM) patients with unclear etiologies and inducements is unknown. Materials and Methods: We studied the effect of the protocol on FSIDCM patients. The effect was investigated in 26 FSIDCM patients. The criteria of “complete reversal” included left ventricular end? diastolic diameter (LVEDD)? 50 mm for females or? 55 mm for males and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)? 45%,the criteria of “partial reversal” was the decreased rate of LVEDD (? LVEDD) >10% or the increase rate of LVEF (? LVEF) >10%,the criteria of “no reversal” included LVEDD >50 mm for females or >55 mm for males and? LVEDD <10%, and LVEF <45% and? LVEF <10%. Results: Within the follow? up period, nine patients showed “complete reversal, ” eight “partial reversal, ” and nine “no reversal. ” Improvements in echocardiogram parameters were the most significant in “complete reversal” patients (P < 0. 001), followed by “partial reversal” and “no reversal” patients (P < 0. 05). The QRS (Q wave, R wave, S wave) duration and symptoms duration in “complete reversal” patients were the shortest, followed by “partial reversal” and “no reversal” patients. Conclusion: ACEIs or ARBs and BBs have a “complete reversal” effect on the left ventricular size and function of some FSIDCM patients. Patients with a narrow QRS and short symptom duration may have a good response.