Tannins are natural biocompatible compounds and are abundantly available in plant sources. Tannins have a polyphenolic structure similar to chemical phenols. Various methods have been reported for the extraction of tannins, and the solid-liquid method with the use of water as a solvent is very common. Tannins also have antioxidant properties, and their health and medical applications are related to this property. The common uses of tannins are leather tanning, livestock and fishery feed, beverage production and wood glue preparation. Nowadays, due to the structure of polyphenol tannins and attention to environmental issues, studies are being conducted to develop its applications. Some of the emerging applications of tannins are corrosion inhibitors, improving the properties of dyed fibers, wood protective coatings, preparation of polyurethane resins, etc. This article introduces tannin, extraction methods, and the most important uses of tannins, as well as the latest published research. In the end, cost and commercialization limitations are examined.

Background: Positive effects of Kombucha tea (an old folkloric drink of Asian people) on wound healing process have been observed. Objectives: To study its effects on the number of mast cells of wound bed. Materials & Methods: The study design was experimental. 42 male adult rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Each group were divided into 3 subgroups. The time of study of first subgroups were 4 days (represents inflammation phase of wound healing process), of second subgroups were 7 days (proliferation phase) and of third subgroups were 15 days (remodeling phase) after wounding. Both groups drank Kombucha tea for 30 days. Then under general anesthesia and sterile conditions, a full thickness wound was made on the dorsum of all rats. The wounding day was considered as day zero. Rats of experimental group drank Kombucha tea after surgery until they were killed by ether at the end of above mentioned durations. Samples were obtained from rats and prepared for light microscopical study and stained with 1% watery solution of toluidine blue. Mast cells and its grades (according to it's degranulations) were counted. Data were analysed by student t test method. Results: Main results were: 1) Total number of mast cells of experimental group decreased from 7th day toward 15th day and on 15th day, the difference with control group was significant (P<0.01); 2) In most cases the numbers of mast cells of experimental group were lower than control group and the differences were significant-for the 4th day grade 1, 15th day grade 2 (P<0.05) and total number of grades 2 and 3 (P<0.01). Conclusion: Daily consumption of Kombucha tea by rats caused a decreased number of mast cells during skin wound healing and the difference with control group at remodeling phase was significant.      

In this research producing fruit milk with apple concentrate or puree was studied. In preliminary experiments milk with puree or concentrate and essence of apple was mixed with different proportions. In order to determine the best formulation the samples were judged by experienced panelists. In addition to determine the best combination of temperature - time for samples pasteurisation, three different conditions were applied as follows: 75°C for 15 minutes. 85°C for 10 minutes and 95°C for 5 minutes. In later stages on the basis of preliminary results apple milk beverage was produced and packed in doy-pak packages. Samples were stored in the refrigerator for 6 weeks in order to evaluate shelf life. During this period; pH, color and appearance, taste, odor and microbial characteristics were determined weekly. Results showed that the mentioned period of organoleptic quality of the samples waw maintained unchanged and the results of microbial experiments for existence of mould, yeast and excrete and non - excrete coliforms was negative.

The influence of selective formulation of dextrose (75%) and glucose (25%) carbohydrate (5%) (Cho) versus placebo (P) beverage consumption on the endurance performance responses to 1 hour of cycling (Approximately with 75% V02 Max) was studied in 36 athletes that were randomly allocated in three groups (Cho, N=15; P, N=11; control (C),N=10). Subjects received Cho or p beverages before, during and after cycling. In order to measure glucose serum, blood samples were collected before and 15-20 minutes after cycling. The patterns of change in plasma glucose did not differ between the groups (P<0.291). Energy expenditure, (P<0.009), number of pedaling (P It was concluded that carbohydrate supplementation in selective formulation form before and during cycling can improve performance. It is clear that the study of the effects of carbohydrate supplementation on other aspects of endurance performance awaits further research.

Background: Sodium Benzoate is one of the chemical products that is used as a preservative in foods, canned foods, juices, and beverages. In this research, teratogenic effects of Sodium Benzoate with two different doses on rat fetus were studied.Materials and Methods: This experimental research was conducted on 15 rats with 250-350 grams weight which were divided into three groups. Two does of 9.3 and 18.6 mmol/kg of Sodium Benzoate diluted in normal saline were injected intrapritoneally to groups one and two of experimentally pregnant rats in days 7, 8, and 9 of injection respectively. Normal saline was injected only to the control group. In day 20, the height and weight of all the fetuses, and also the weight and diameter of their placentas were measured. Then, their appearance was studied using stereomicroscope. Tissue sections were prepared and stained using hematoxiline eosin. Finally, fetus parameters were statistically analyzed in three groups by variance analyzing test.Results: The results showed that the height and weight of fetuses in the sample groups had reduced significantly in comparison with that of control group (P<0.05), and there was a significantly higher prevalence of death among fetuses in the sample groups in comparison with control group. However, no histological changes were observed in the tissues. Conclusion: Sodium Benzoate can reduce the weight and height of rat fetuses. Other researches on its amount in canned foods are recommended. Also pregnant women are advised not to consume foods containing Sodium Benzoate up to the second month of pregnancy.

Purpose: The influence of 5% carbohydrate (Cho) versus placebo (P) beverage consumption on the immune and hormonal responses of athletes to 1 hour cycling (approximately with 75% V02 max) was studied.Materials and Methods: Thirty six athletes who paticipated in this study were randomly allocated to three groups (Cho, N=15; P, N=11; control, N=10). Subjects received Cho or P beverages before, during and after the cycling. Blood samples were collected before and 15-20 minutes after the cycling. Results and Discussion: The level of cortisol and leukocyte was significantly lower after the cycling in the Cho compared to the C and P groups (P≤0.002, p≤0.043; respectively). There was no significant variation in the pattern of changes in neutrophils, lymphocytes, cd8+and cd56+cells and plasma glucose after the cycling. The level of cd3+and cd4+cells was significantly higher in the Cho compared to the C and P groups(p≤0.004, P≤0.01 respectively).In conclusion, consuming carbohydrate before and during the exercise attenuates the rising rate of cortisol stress hormone and appears to limit the degree of exercise induced immunosuppresion. In other words this data indicates that the physiological stress to immune system is reduced when enduring athletes use carbohydrate beverages before, during, and after a prolonged and intense exercise. However, the clinical significance of the carbohydrate induced effects on the endocrine and immune systems needs further research.

Hypericum perforatum is on of the members of Hypericaciea family and from long time ago it had been used for treatment of many diseases such as hair and skin lesions, children anureses, depression and mental disorders. Nowadays in many countries including Germany it is used frequently in making soft drinks and a ariety of drugs have been drived from it in the form of tablet, ointment, syrup and etc.The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxicity effects of alcohol extract of the plant.Aines test along with two strains of Salmonella typhymorium TA98 ,TA100, because of their high sensitivity, were chosen to carry out this research. At first the two strains checked from view point of existence or lack of mutations and additional plasmids of rfa,uvrb,PKM101,then alcohole extract obtained from dry top branches and both the strains were cultured in minimum glucose agar culture and exposed at different volumes of 10,20,50,100,200,250 and 300 microliters and hen created clonies were counted after 48 hours in condition of 37°C.Regarding the criteria of evaluation, the alcohol extract of Hypericum perforatum using two bacterial strains of TA98, TA100 and by use of Ames is not mutagen.

Cholera, a severe infectious disease, is endemic in Iran and some other tropical countries and occasionally spreads in appropriate conditions. Human, are the only natural host for the Vibrio cholera.Cholera is aquired by the ingestion of water or food contaminated with the feces of an infected individual. This research has considered contamination of microorganism specially Vibrio cholera in 100 ice and cold water samples in different areas of Mashhad city. Sampling was done by a special method, and then samples were transferred to specific media. The results were analysed using statistical methods.Overall, vibrion microorganism was isolated from 12% of samples and 1% of all were contaminated with Vibrio cholerea.Regarding the results of this study, contamination of manufactured ice with cholera is possible, more attention of health system to control and prevent ice from contamination with organisms like Vibiro cholerae is necessary.