In this research, Sesame (Sesamum indicum L var.shevin) seed germination characteristics under drought stress conditions influenced by different seed priming treatments were investigated. In two separate experiments, germination responses to different temperatures (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ° C) and also different drought stresses (water potentials of -9, -11, -13 and -15 bar) were considered. Based on the results, 25 ° C was determined as optimum germination temperature. The -11 bar water potential was also determined as drought stress. Hydropriming and osmopriming of the seeds were performed at three temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 ° C. The duration of priming was determined based on the priming temperature and type. Calcium chloride osmopriming treatment was performed in three concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 mM. The seeds were primed using potassium nitrate in three concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%. After priming using the mentioned treatments, the seeds were dried out to initial seed moisture content and then subjected to drought stress (-11 bar) during germination period to determine the best priming treatments. Priming treatments significantly improved seed germination characteristics under drought stress. Overall, The results of this experiment demonstrated that use of hydropriming for the seeds of sesame had the highest germination features. So this treatment can be presented as an appropriate treatment for this plant as it is cost-effective, safe and eco-friendly.

There is a relationship between myostatin gene expression and muscle strength as well as factors related to athletes' fitness. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training on serum levels of myostatin and the results of wrestlers' motor performance tests. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test design. Thirty wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: control, traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training. Serum levels of myostatin, muscle strength, speed, power and agility were respectively assessed by Fasting blood sampling, Chest press maximal repetition test, 15 yards speed test, Sargent jump and T Agility tests. At the end of the pre-test stage, each training group performed their respective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session for 30-45 minutes. At the end of 8 weeks of training, all the tests performed in the pre-test stage were repeated in the post-test stage. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of research findings. The results of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that in the post-test stage, there was no significant difference between the means of all the studied variables in the traditional resistance group with the suspension-resistance group (P> 0. 05), However, there is a significant difference between the average of the studied variables in the control group and the two training groups in the post-test stage (P≤0. 05). According to the results of the present study, both traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training reduce serum levels of myostatin and by increasing muscle strength can be used as an approach to improve the motor performance of freestyle wrestlers.

Introduction Seed germination is the first and most important stage of plant establishment and subsequent successful competition, which is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Temperature and soil water potential are the most important environmental factors. Knowledge of environmental factors controlling seed germination provides the possibility of predicting weed infestation. By obtaining information about the temperature and moisture requirements of weeds, it is possible to manage them successfully. In recent years, the weed of herb-robert has been raised as an invasive weed in rapeseed fields in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. To investigate the relationship between temperature and germination rate, various cardinal models such as dent-like, segmented, and beta have been used. The purpose of this research is to determine cardinal temperatures in herb-Robert and investigate the role of temperature and drought stress on some of its germination characteristics. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of temperature and drought stress on the germination of herb-Robert (Geranium robertianum L.) seeds, this study was conducted as a factorial experiment within a completely randomized design. The experiment included 8 levels of constant temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 °C) and drought stress in 6 levels (-0.2, 4 -0.0, -0.6, -0.8, -1 MPa) with 4 replications. Germinated seeds were counted up to 14 days after germination. Then indicators such as percentage, germination rate and time to reach 50% germination were calculated. A dent-like regression model was used to determine the cardinal temperature. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the constant temperature of 20°C has the highest percentage (98%) and germination rate (6.019) under non-stress conditions (zero water potential). Also, germination was stopped at temperatures of 35 and 40 °C. The three-parameters regression model had good accuracy to describe the trend of cumulative seed germination percentage of herb-Robert. The results also showed that with the increase of drought stress, the percentage and rate of germination decreased and at potentials higher than -0.8 MPa, germination stopped. At zero potential (non-stress conditions), the minimum, first optimum, second optimum and maximum temperatures were determined as 1.12, 18.83, 22.76 and 35.09 °C, respectively. With an increase from zero to water potential up to -0.8 MPa, minimum temperature from 1.12 to 4.96, optimal temperatures from 18.83 to 22.76 to 10.51 to 20.63 and maximum temperature from 35.09 changed to 34.48 °C. The results showed that, in each osmotic potential, with increasing temperature, the time to reach 50% germination decreased. On the other hand, with the increase in osmotic potential, this time increased, which indicates a decrease in germination speed. In general, the time to reach 50% germination from 0 to 0.4 MPa potentials started from 6 days and decreased to 3 days. While at higher potentials (-0.6 and -0.8 MPa) it varies in the range of 6 to 8 days. These results indicate that the germination ability of herb-Robert increases in the temperature range of 15 to 20 degrees Celsius at any water potential. Based on the results of this experiment, there was no germination at the osmotic potential of 1 MPa. In general, wild geranium is more tolerant to moderate drought stress (up to -0.6 MPa) in the temperature range of 17 to 22 degrees Celsius, and with increasing drought stress, at lower temperatures (10 to 20 degrees Celsius) its presence will be more. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, the highest percentage and rate of seed germination occurred at 20°C. There was no seed germination at temperatures of 35 and 40 °C and water potential of -1 MPa. With the increase of water potential, the minimum temperature increased, the optimal temperatures decreased and the maximum temperature decreased slightly. In general, due to the low minimum temperature, the probability of germination and outbreak of this weed will be higher in colder seasons.