Introduction & Objective: Osteoporosis is a worldwide public health problem and has an increasing prevalence. In women rapid bone mass loss at beginning of menopause due to estrogen deficiency is established. This is a pilot study to estimate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Materials & Methods: In this observational and cross-sectional study, we studied 502 post menopausal women that admitted consecutively to only bone densitometry center of Yazd between 2002 and 2003. We excluded whom with diagnosis of osteoporosis, chrollic, metabolic and bone disease, previous oopherectomy/hysterectomy and consumption of bone metabolism affected drugs. A questionnaire containing of demographic data was completed. lumbar spine and femoral region bone density was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the Doctor Mojibian Hospital, YAZO, by only one educated technician.  Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 11.5 and wit Chi Square, Anova and Kappa tests.Results: We studied 502 post menopausal women between 50 to 85 years old and with mean age of 60.78± 7.05 year. The results of the bone mineral density (BMD) in gm/cm2 were compared to the peak bone density (P6D) in healthy young women (T-score). Based on the definition of World Health Organization (WHO), the T-score value was considered for analysis. Accordingly, 138 (27.5%) subjects showed normal result, while 261 (52%) subjects showed osteopenia, 103 (20.5%) subject showed osteoporosis due to L2-L4 spine BMD. On the other hand, 70 (13.94%) subjects showed normal result, while 216 (43.03%) subjects showed osteopenia, 216 (43.03%) subject showed osteoporosis due to femoral region BMD. Only 261 (52%) of cases showed one diagnosis in both regions and others (241 cases, 48%) had different diagnosis based on measured region.Conclusions: Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common among postmenopausal women in YAZD and in extent, similar to Saudi Arabia and should be considered as a matter of public hearth. Bone densitometry should be used to assess the severity of bone loss, identify those who need therapy and for follow up and early diagnosis of those with osteopenla in order to institute proper therapy and avoid future osteoporosis.

Background: Tea consumption is common throughout the world, especially in Iran and it was known as the most common beverages. Several studies evaluated negative effect of coffee and relationship between its caffeine content with bone density. But relationship between tea drinking and bone mineral density is less observed. Considering high amount of tea consumption and prevalence of osteoporosis in Iran, it is important to investigate this relationship.Materials and Method : Population study includes 1125 subjects (aged 20-72 years) randomly selected by cluster sampling in Bushehr, who participated in general project of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The participants were categorized based on degree of tea consumption: high tea drinkers (more than 4 cups of tea per day) and low tea drinkers (equal or less than 4 cups of tea per day).Results: In high tea drinkers, mean score for bone density was significantly higher in neck and total femur. But this difference in isolated groups (according to sex, age and both of them) was not seen.Conclusion: The result of this study indicates on a direct relationship between tea drinking and increasing of bone mineral density. Moreover, it shows the prevalence of osteoporosis is lower in people who have a regular daily habit of tea consumption.

Background & Aims: Osteoporosis and the related fractures due to discomfort, disability, decreased quality of life and death are major health problems in the world. According to the importance of recording and reporting osteoporosis, the aim of this study was development and psychometric evaluation of an "Assessment Form of Osteoporosis".Materials & Methods: This study is a systematic review of the literature review, Internet search and library studies on osteoporosis assessment form with the key word "Form", "Osteoporosis", "Incidence" and "Investigation" began between the years 1997-2008. In this searching, we obtained 2 forms and 3 questionnaires in this field and performed analyses and developed "Assessment Form of Osteoporosis". For validity of the form, researchers used content validity and consulted with experts in this field (5 nurse specialists, 2 orthopedic specialists in Bone Marrow Densitometry Center, 3 physiotherapists) about osteoporosis, its causes, the complications of the disease. After gaining enough knowledge and experience, their comments were reviewed and applied carefully.Results: In this study "Assessment Form of Osteoporosis" developed and evaluated validity. Benefits of the form is as follows: in many forms there was not any question related to hormonal history in men or did not pay attention to the risk factors for osteoporosis in men, whereas the previous studies showed that hormonal disorder such as testosterone deficiency and prostate cancer can increase the risk for osteoporosis. So in this form, questions were designed in domains that assess individuals perfectly. The new form is applicable for all patients referring to health centers and bone marrow densitometry, schools, universities, and ultimately the whole community has the performance capabilities.Conclusion: "Assessment Form of Osteoporosis" is a comprehensive form and its data can identify the disease osteoporosis and the fractures. The data can prevent worsening of the disease.

Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, due to which the fractures result in huge economic and social costs every year for the health system of the country and the people, therefore. The present study was conducted to review the risk factors for osteoporosis. Materials & Methods: The present article is a narrative review in which articles published in Persian and English at the Google scholar, SID, PubMed, and Science Direct databases from 2000 to 2016 using keywords of osteoporosis, Bone density, Risk factor, Bone Mineral Density, Age, Sex, BMI and Menopause. Results: In the study of 19 articles in this study, the most important risk factors for osteoporosis were odds ratio, the age of 60 years old 22. 9(19), body mass index (BMI) less than 25, 4. 2 (22), inactivity Physical exercise 2. 1 (20) and exercise less than 3 hours 2. 8 (21), the number of deliveries more than 3 times 2. 1 (22), hookah consumption 12. 7 (20) and menopause 29. 6 (23). Low dairy consumption was 34. 2 (23), family history of 2. 3 (23), use of glucocorticoids 3. 6 (22). Conclusion: The most important risk factors for osteoporosis mentioned in the studies related to the lifestyle. Therefore, health programs, attention to nutrition and physical activity from childhood and adolescence should be considered by health policy-makers.

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized with reduced bone density and destruction of the bone structure. The ideal treatment aims to reduce the risk of fracture while improving the density and structure of the bone. Parathormone (PTH) and its main analogue triparatide (rhPTH [1-34]) is a new class of anabolic medications which accelerates the healing process in the fractured bone through improving bone formation and therefore is used for treating severe osteoporosis. The present review article was designed to report the history, different types, anabolic and catabolic effects, complications, indications and contraindications of the hormone.

Background and Aims: Depression probably causes changes in bone metabolism and induces bone loss and osteoporosis. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between depression and osteoporosis in women.Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-cross sectional study, 190 women above 40 eligible for the study were recruited and their level of depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory Short Form 13, then bone density was measured by DEXA (Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry) technique. Then after a physician’s diagnosis and according to WHO criteria, the participants were divided into three groups: normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis then SPSS version 17 and statistical analysis tests were used for data analysis.Results: The findings showed that mean ± SD age and body mass index of the participants were, 56.64±7.82 year and 29.9±4.88 m2.kg, the majority of the participants were homemakers (70.5%), most of them had enough income (81.6%), 46.8% of the participants were depressed, 42.3% of women were with severe depression, 36.7% of them with moderate depression, 39.4% of women with mild depression, 27.7% of women were not depressed but were diagnosed with osteoporosis. In this study, significant correlation between bone mineral density and depression was not found (p=0.32).Conclusion: This study showed that depression was not associated with osteoporosis in women.