Ernest Renan, French scientist and orientalist, by presenting one of his most controversial speeches, by the title of Islam and science, in Sorbonne University on March 23th 1883 and then publishing it in Journal des Debats, started a series of intellectual discussions and penal disputes in Islamic and western world. Renan speech shortly after its publishing translated into German, English and then Arabic, Turkish, Urdu and Persian. Islamic thinkers from Sayed Jamal Al-Din Asad Abadi who resided in Paris at the time, to others such as Namegh kamal, Rashid Reza, Abd al-Razagh, Ata’Allah Bayazidov, Mohammad Hami Allah, Jalal Noori and ets…in Paris, Egypt, Ottoman, Ghazan, India and Pakistan wrote several rejections on Renan claims. These rejections themselves then turned into one of the main researching resources to know Sayed Jamal al-Din Asad Abadi’s intellectual personality. However in Iran this problem is still unknown. It is impossible to find any other rejections against Reanan in Persian resources except one which belongs, to Sayed Jamal al-Din Asad Abadi, yet most of mentioned rejections from Ottoman’s era has been translated or compiled into Turkish language. In this article for the first time the most important rejections of Islamic world thinkers have been recognized and reviewed. Most of the information used in this article belongs to Ottoman or modern Turkis resources.

Introduction: The conventional treatment of acute kidney allograft rejection consists of high-dose corticosteroids and polyclonal antibodies. We report our experience of tacrolimus rescue therapy in patients with acute rejections refractory to corticosteroids and polyclonal antibodies.Materials and Methods: A total of 34 patients with a mean age of 42.3 years and clinical diagnosis of acute kidney allograft rejection underwent tacrolimus rescue therapy when treatment with corticosteroids and polyclonal antibodies failed. Kidney allograft biopsy results were available in 21 patients. All of the patients received tacrolimus, 0.1 mg twice daily, and in those who responded to the therapy after 4 to 6 months, tacrolimus was replaced with cyclosporine.Results: Pathologic examination of 21 biopsy specimens of the kidney allografts showed acute vascular rejection in 7 patients (33.3%), acute humoral rejection in 6 (28.6%), acute cellular rejection in 3 (14.3%), and accelerated acute rejection in 3 (14.3%). Twenty-six patients (76.5%) responded to rescue therapy with tacrolimus and discharged with a mean serum creatinine level of 1.4 mg/dL (range, 1.1 mg/dL to 1.7 mg/dL). Allograft nephrectomy was done in 8 patients (23.5%) because of no response to treatment of rejection, the pathology reports of which consisted of acute vascular rejection in 5 patients and extensive necrosis in 3.Conclusion: Tacrolimus therapy is able to salvage kidney allografts with acute refractory rejection. We recommend that tacrolimus be used as an alternative to the conventional drugs used for antirejection therapy. However, severe infectious complications as a result of overt immunosuppression must be considered.  

Purpose: By using content analysis of digital reference desk of the world superior universities, the current study aims to provide a model for Digital reference desk of Iran university libraries.Methodology: Digital reference desk of 16 world top universities were examined by applying content analysis and after removal of matches and Synonyms, a total of 30 features were extracted which through the Delphi method experts were poll about them. Finally, imposing a minimum average of 4, 26 features were selected in order to apply in designing the reference desk in the proposed model. Meanwhile 13 Iranian university libraries which had Digital reference desk were examined by using above mentioned list.Findings: Results showed that five substantive features "user name, phone number, email address, user questions, to questions submitted by telephone, mail, interview (verbal communication) " 100 percent with the highest percentage and two feature content "fax number, username and password provided by the library user access to information that have large volumes" with 12.5 percent of the lowest percentage in all of Digital reference desk was the world’s top academic libraries. Two features "of Digital reference desk Guide" and "User FAQ" with mean 4.80 and features the highest average "User Address" mean 3.47 lowest in importance among the features selected for the reference desk has.Conclusion: According to research findings, it can be inferred that such a very small percentage of university libraries in Iran have a digital reference desk and this number also in terms of having content characteristics are not in good condition. Hence it is necessary That university libraries starting Digital reference desk so that users can benefit the broader library services.

Background: The appropriate designing of school equipment for establishing a suitable sitting habit, is of major importance. Unfortunately, benches and desks in Iranian schools are not properly adjusted with anthropometric characteristics of students. The main theme of this research is preparing some guidelines for anthropometric designing and ergonomic adjustment of benches and desks.Methods: In this study 300 school boys and girls were selected by systematic random sampling method. The data were collected by observation and interview using anthropometric measurements devices and recorded in a questionnaire. Anthropometric information was recorded based on 17 anthropometric parameters. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Findings: There was significant difference between girls and boys in popliteal height, buttock- knee depth, buttock-popliteal depth, thigh clearance and functional forward reach (P<0.05).Conclusion: It was concluded that the desk height is determined based on sum of percentile (95) of the elbow rest height and the seat height. According to the results, students usually have to take a standing position instead of sitting comfortably. Such a prolonged posture may cause varicose related illnesses.

Background and Objectives: For many employees, students and “ Behind the desk jobs” , most of the daily work is done while sitting on a chair and behind a desk. This happens while many studies are associating long-term sedentary posture with musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases, etc. The aim of the present research is to design a tool that helps to change the working posture of people who work at sedentary workstations from sitting to stand-sit posture. Methods: The measurements needed to design a desk converter were extracted from the existing anthropometric data of Iranian community between the ages of 6-19 and 20-60 for both sexes, using 4 anthropometric parameters of elbow (to floor) height sitting, eye height sitting, elbow height standing and eye height standing. These values were used to obtain the difference between the required work surface of the hand while sitting and standing (keyboard position) and the difference of the required work surface of the eye while sitting and standing (display position). In order to calculate the range of height alteration of this tool, 5th percentile of women and 95th percentile of men were used. Results: The desk converter constitutes two parts, 1. Top surface (meant for monitor) and 2. the keyboard tray. The difference in the height of these two surfaces was calculated 12cm. The maximum height of the desk converter (adjustable range) for both age groups was 68cm due to changes in sitting and standing elbow height. The width and depth of the desk are set at 90 by 50cm, and the keyboard and mouse surface, with a width equal to the desk’ s and a depth of 20cm, creates a sufficient and comfortable space for users. Conclusion: It is envisioned that by using this tool and changing the posture of individuals from an entirely sitting posture to standing and sitting alternation, a contribution to the reduction of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer problems can be made.

Introduction: Achievements in short-term graft survival since the introduction of cyclosporine has not been matched by improvement in long-term graft function, and chronic allograft nephropathy remains the second commonest cause of graft attrition over time. We aimed to evaluate the long-term results of conventional immunosuppression by steroid and azathioprine in comparison with cyclosporine-based triple therapy in living donor kidney transplants. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the long-term follow-up data of 369 living related kidney transplant recipients that were on prednisolone-azathioprine immunosuppressive therapy (group 1) or triple therapy by prednisolone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine (group 2). All recipients were followed-up for more than 10 years (mean, 240±12 months). Comparative analyses included patient and graft survival rates, condition at last follow-up, graft rejection, and graft function. Results: There were 130 patients in group 1 and 239 in group 2. The overall frequency of acute rejection episodes was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the proportion of patients with chronic allograft nephropathy was significantly higher in group 2 (21% versus 35%, P=.001). Graft survival rates were 85.3% versus 92.4% at 1 year, 69.9% versus 71.9% at 5 years, and 52.5% versus 50.8% at 10 years in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=.03). The two groups were comparable regarding posttransplant malignancies, diabetes mellitus, serious bacterial infections, and hepatic diseases. However, hypertensive patients were significantly more frequent in group 2. Conclusions: Chronic allograft nephropathy was significantly higher in patients receiving cyclosporine, possibly due to the risk of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, glomerular disease recurrence, and hypertension. Nowadays, it is possible to achieve excellent calcineurin inhibitors-free regimen using newer maintenance immunosuppressive agents.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identifying indicators affecting the performance of service desks and the rate of matching the National Library of Iran (NLAI) service desks with these indicators. Methodology: The present study was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the study was extraction of design indicators for service desks with library method, and the second phase of the study were surveyed by a questionnaire. Findings: The extracted indices were: accessibility and visibility, the distinction of information sections (the ability to identify for the user and the distinction of its employees), the proper place of desks, familiarity of users with the names of sections and adaptation of these names to user's literature (attention to the differences of linguistic terminology of the users with librarians), getting the user fast to the goal (updated information, novelty of environment, precise guidance and signs, and automated tools), the interest of librarians and the enthusiasm of users' return (skills of staff and pleasant and comfortable environment), help at the point of need (mobile reference services) and services marketing and branding. Results: Based on T test (0/437) and its significance (0/66), there was no significant difference between the real mean and the expected mean. In other words, the current status of service desks is consistent with effective indicators of the performance of reference and information desks. Regarding the prioritization of indices, based on the Friedman test (41/71) and its significance (0/01), there was a significant difference between the indicators affecting the performance of reference and information desks. "The distinction of service desks" indicator (with a mean of 6/71) had the highest average, and the indicator of "the exact signs and guides of desks" (with a mean of 3/24) was the lowest.

Background and Aim: This research intends to investigate the wall and desk writings of students from the perspective intertextuality of Fairclough's Theory. In the students' writings on the wall and the desk, the language is organized in such a way that it can be explained Norman Fairclough's intertextuality approaches. The interpretation of intertextuality means that a text, related to group and it showse the relationship between the participants, and situation. Methods: Fairclough's model is an efficient tool for analyzing the theoretical framework of this research. It has investigated the issue of how critical discourse formed in the wall and desk of students' writings by using descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population was the students of the high schools in Miandoab with a statistical sample of 31 walls and desks were randomly photographed and recorded using a camera. Results: The results of the research show that intertextuality is the discourse order and message of the writings and discourse continuity and intertextuality seen in the writings of the students. This means that the students used poetry, metaphor, death, greetings and discourse order in their writings and conveyed their message to the reader in the linguistic context. They complain about one-sidedness. Conclusion: Injustice in the observance of discourse  against teachers and administrators. From the point of view of intertextuality, these students' writings express protest against the existing situation in schools towards administrators and teachers