Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

In dealing with uninvited guests as natural propositions and propositions that are based on primary essential predication, the term “predication” has undergone some semantic changes; according to the elements of “unity” and “difference” three periods may be distinguished: (1) the period in which “what causes the unity” is external and “what causes the difference” is in the mind, (2) the period in which “the unifier”, in addition to its being in the outside world, may be in mind too and “the differing factor”, also, moves to the top level of mind or another mind, (3) the period in which “the unifier” and “the differing factor”, besides in viewed and viewer, may regularly be located in viewer and viewed.Without separating these periods, the theory of “distinction of the predications” in Mulla Sadra’s works cannot correctly be read. In this article, in fact, “what causes the unity” and “what causes the difference” will be analyzed in a historical development so that some parts of obscurities about this theory may be removed.

The aim of this research is study about the different effects of firm size and Industry on firm profitability in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1385 to 1389. The natural logarithm of book value of assets is used as an indicator to measure firm size. Also, the type of industry, the separation of industries with high fixed costs and low on the stock exceeds the number of industries that were concentrated in the categories above. Furthermore profitability is calculated based on three indicators (net operating assets, return on net operating assets and return on operating assets.) the Results of hypothesis tests indicates that there is no significant relationship between high fixed costs and profitability of large companies in various industries. there is no significant relationship between low fixed costs and profitability of small companies in various industries. there is no significant relationship between operating liability leverage and profitability indicators (return on net operating assets and return on operating assets) of small and large companies in industries with low fixed costs (chemical products, cement, lime and gypsum, basic metals and other non metallic mineral products). there is a significant negative relationship between operating liability leverage and two profitability indicators (return on net operating assets and return on operating assets) of small and large companies in industries with high fixed costs (Vehicle and parts manufacturing and Pharma). There is a significant positive relationship between operating liability leverage and return on common equity of small companies in industries with low fixed costs.

Diazinon is a widely applied agricultural pesticide whose effect importantly on the environment and the possible contamination of surface waters has led to increased interest in toxicological studies. Crayfish, as an ecologically important benthic macroinvertebrate, seems to be an appropriate model organism for such assessments. Acute toxicity tests were carried out on three crayfish age groups: young-of-the-year (total length=25.0±4.9 mm), juvenile (total length=56.5±3.8 mm) and adult (total length=83.5±5.7 mm). Young-of-the-year crayfish were found to be the most sensitive to diazinon (96 h LC50 = 0.15 mg L-1), followed by juvenile crayfish (96 h LC50=0.27 mg L-1), and adults (96 h LC50=0.51 mg L-1). Crayfish were highly sensitive to diazinon. A delayed effect of Diazinon 60EC on adults was detected (144 h LC50=0.44 mg L-1) suggests functional damage from the use of sublethal concentrations.