Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder. Insomnia complaint is the most common sleep disorders in the general population. The association between OSAS and insomnia symptom has received little attention from sleep investigators in the past few decades. This study investigates the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and related factors in patients with OSAS.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 151 consecutive patients with OSA who underwent sleep polysomnography. Patients were interviewed about their detailed sleep history. Insomnia and subjective daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Polysomnographic recordings were compared in patients with and without insomnia symptom.Results: Insomnia was a common complaint in patients being evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea.Among 151 patients with OSAS diagnosis, 81.7% of patients complained from one of the four insomnia symptom, 33.4% reported difficulty in falling sleep, 38.8% difficulty in sleep maintenance and 31.4% early morning awakening. Only 29.3% of patients were satisfied with their sleep quality. No significant association found between the insomnia symptom and mean nocturnal saturation of oxygen (P>0.05).Conclusions: Insomnia is a common complaint in the patients suffering from OSAS. There was no relationship between insomnia symptom and severity of apnea or oxygen desaturation. Thus, nocturnal hypoxia is less likely to explain the high prevalence of insomnia among patients with OSAS.

Apert syndrome is a rare kind of craniosynostosis which is identified with fusion of cranial sutures during prematurity period and causes physical and intellectual disorders in younger ages. These patients may show symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea due to abnormal craniofacial shape. This article introduces a patient with Apert syndrome, with apnea symptoms, cyanosis, snoring, restlessness, night sweating, repeated sleep interrupts, and daytime irritability. Polysomnography was used due to a suspicious obstructive sleep apnea. The results were as follows: Arousal index: 3. 27/h, RDI: 6. 51/h, and Lowest oxygen saturation: 46%. CPAP with EPAP: 8cmH2o was used for the patient in sleeping time. Later test results and symptoms of the condition improved remarkably. Approximately 40% of patients with Apert syndrome have the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea mainly because of mid face hypoplasia, but it can be related to changes of laryngopharynx, larynx, tracheobronchomalacia, and other abnormalities. If the condition is left untreated, obstructive sleep apnea can cause interruptive sleeping, repeated infections, delay in growth and cognition, and more importantly Cor pulmonale and sudden death in sleeping. Therefore, polysomnography must be considered and the patient should be under supervision.

Humans spend almost 30% of their lives sleeping. Over the past 30 years, physicians have begun to recognize many of the detrimental consequences of sleep disturbances produced by abnormal breathing patterns termed sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).SDB is not a newly discovered disease entity however in the past, it was not considered a serious health problem, and just during the recent decades researchers have declared its serious consequences and the condition has come into physician's attention.

Background and purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep disorder which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Despite the importance of OSA and its cardiovascular complications, most of the people with this disorder remain undiagnosed and untreated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of at risk groups for OSA in cardiovascular patients. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was performed in 400 patients with CVD (hypertension, heart failure, coronary arteries, valvular disease) admitted in critical care unit (CCU) in Sari Fatemeh Zahra Hospital, Iran 2016-2017. Data were collected by validated STOP-BANG, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the patients’ medical profiles. SPSS V20 was applied for data analysis. Results: The patients included 54% males (n=216). The mean age of patients was 62. 99 ± 11. 53 years old. Among the patients 62. 5% had high STOP-BANG scores. Patients with coronary disease (67%) and heart failure (66%) were at higher risk for OSA. There were no significant differences between the four groups of diseases investigated in the risk of developing OSA (P= 0. 65). Compared with women, the majority of male patients were at high risk for OSA (86. 5% vs 34. 23%). Individuals with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea had the highest level of daytime sleepiness (P= 0. 002). Conclusion: The risk of obstructive sleep apnea is high in cardiovascular patients, so, they should be investigated to prevent further complications.

Sleep is an essential process to maintain and improve human activities, while many details related to sleep are still not well understood. Decreased or fragmented sleep is a health risk that might result in heart disease or diabetes on one hand and degradation of consciousness and cognition on the other hand. Sleep fragmentation is a phenomenon in which an individual's sleep is intermittently disrupted by arousal caused by external factors (noise) or internal factors (apnea) although sleep deprivation does not completely occur. Computational modeling is a suitable framework for understanding complex biological mechanisms. In this paper, the fundamental phenomena underlying the sleep-wake transition was reviewed and simulated. The dynamical behavior of model was then investigated and afterwards the factors that might cause obstructive sleep apnea were implemented and evaluated. The model includes two main neuronal populations: the ascending arousal system in the brain stem that is responsible for awakening and a neuronal population in the hypothalamus, called VLPO, which mediates sleep. These populations have mutual inhibition on each other causing a fl ip-fl op or switching behavior between sleep and wake. The results of modeling in this paper showed hysteresis in the sleep-wake cycle, the size of which is affected by factors causing arousal. In OSA, intermittent and unstable transitions as well as the shrinking of bistable zone is expected. The model could reproduce some experimental results related to obstructive apneas.

Introduction: Considering the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and its complications, proper diagnosis and treatment is particularly important. Since the standard diagnostic test for OSAS is polysomnography, which is not widely available, finding a simple, available, and cheap diagnostic method is very helpful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of anterior rhinomanometry and upper respiratory tract examination in diagnosis of the OSAS.Materials and Methods: In this observational analytic study, all patients referred to BAMDAD sleep clinic for polysomnography from Feb 2007 to Jul 2007 were evaluated by anterior rhinomanometry as well as upper respiratory tract examination and results were compared with each other.Results: Of 66 patients participated in our study, 31 patients were in the normal group, 19 in mild apnea group, and 16 in moderate to severe apnea group. The results of ENT examination showed clear obstruction in 22 patients. 12 of them were in moderate to severe apnea group, and 9 of them in mild apnea group. Only one patient with abnormal examination was in the normal group. The respiratory tract resistance which was measured by anterior rhinomanometry showed no significant association with positive results of polysomnography. Conclusion: Our study showed that although anterior rhinomanometry is invalid for diagnosis of OSAS, ENT examination (such as noctural oxymetry) can be a useful diagnostic method for OSAS.