In contrast with the official statistics, Iran did not experience full and perfect employment prior to the land reform. The conventional style of land exploitation and the population growth as a result of hygienic and nutritious facilities led to the inadequacy of productive resources for rural population and the growth of implicit and hidden unemployment in rural areas. That was why the excess of the rural population streamed to cities by the end of the agricultural year. In the 1320s and 1330s, upon the decrease in government constructive and civil programs, the urban employment capacity decreased and the urban unemployment became vivid and explicit. It was in 1330 that job market could no more employ the rural migrant workforce and a part of urban workforce. However, the government did not admit the existence of unemployment as a social issue with economic roots since it did not distinguish the rural migrants from urban unemployed workforce and claimed that there were sufficient opportunities for employment in rural regions. The present research examines the conversion of covert unemployment to overt unemployment and the role of land reforms in the admittance and acknowledgement of unemployment as a social problem by adopting social historians’ approach and their emphasis on the tension between the objective reality of unemployment and its ideological dimension. The results revealed that due to the limitation of re-distributing lands in land reforms, migrants’ return and their request for lands could possibly disturb the government’ s intended method of re-distributing lands.

Introduction: Unemployment duration is the length of time that an unemployed person looks for a job. It is an indicator of labor market performance. In other words, a longer period of unemployment duration reflects the poor performance of labor market and implies that structural barriers prevent the employment of unemployed. In recent years, the unemployment rate in Yazd has exceeded the average unemployment rate in the country, and this has made unemployment an important issue in Yazd. In this regard, unemployment duration is of importance. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting the unemployment duration is as important as identifying the factors affecting the unemployment rate. Unemployment insurance is a factor affecting the unemployment duration. On this basis, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of unemployment insurance on unemployment duration in Yazd. Methodology: In the present study, the generalized Cox proportional hazard model has been used as a statistical method to correlate survival with a number of explanatory variables. This model belongs to the group of non-parametric models and is a function of time and explanatory variables. One of the features of this model is the proportional hazard assumption, according to which the risk ratio is always a fixed number and independent of time. If the explanatory variables in the exponential expression are not time-independent, the generalized Cox proportional hazard model is applicable. The exponential part of the generalized Cox proportional hazard model includes time-independent and time-dependent variables. In the present study, the maximum likelihood method has been used to estimate the parameters, in which the parameters are obtained by maximizing the probability function. In the model of this study, the unemployment duration is a function of unemployment insurance and a vector of explanatory variables including age, gender, marital status, employment history and number of children. Unemployment duration in terms of day and unemployment insurance, which is the wage given during the unemployment or a coefficient of wage that is received based on the minimum wage, is entered into the model. The statistical population of this study consisted of the unemployed job seekers who were unemployed from 2013 to 2017. They received unemployment insurance and were re-employed. Raw data were collected from the Department of Labor, Cooperation and Social Welfare Organization and the Social Security Organization of Yazd. Results and Discussion: The distribution of statistical population according to the unemployment duration shows that the unemployment duration of 66. 2% was under 12 months and of 29. 8% was between 12 and 24 months, which accounts for 96% of the statistical population. Also, the unemployment wage (unemployment insurance) of 74. 1% was equal to the minimum wage and of 25. 9% was more than the minimum wage. In addition, unemployment wage (unemployment insurance) has a positive and significant correlation with unemployment period. The results of estimating the generalized Cox model show that unemployment insurance has significantly increased the unemployment duration, and the increased unemployment insurance has resulted in increased unemployment duration. Also, being single and having no children leads to an increase in the unemployment duration. In contrast, employment history and age lead to a decrease in the unemployment duration. In other words, people who received unemployment insurance, namely those who were single and had no children, left the unemployment duration later, and people with a longer employment history and age left the unemployment duration earlier. In addition, gender did not have a significant effect on the unemployment duration. According to the coefficients, unemployment duration is more affected by individual characteristics than by unemployment insurance. Also, among the variables, the largest coefficient is related to being married. Conclusion: In this study, for the first time, unemployment insurance is included in the model not as a dummy variable (receiving or not receiving unemployment insurance) but as unemployment wage. This is used as a coefficient, or the ratio of unemployment insurance to minimum wage. The results of the model estimation showed that unemployment insurance significantly increases the unemployment duration. Most studies confirm this result. However, a few studies such as Carling et al. (1996) in Sweden, Tatsiramos (2006) for European countries, Fitzenberger and Wilke (2007) in Germany and Galean et al. (2019) in Spain contradict the results of the present study. This study showed that the benefits under unemployment insurance payment are as important as the payment period to reduce the length of the unemployment duration. Also, policymakers should reduce the adverse impact of unemployment insurance on the unemployment duration by paying attention to both benefits and duration. Therefore, if unemployment insurance benefits gradually decrease over time with increasing unemployment duration, the incentive to re-employ will increase. In addition, paying attention to the education and training of the unemployed by emphasizing on technical and vocational training can provide the basis for reducing the unemployment duration.

Based on empirical studies and labor economics theories, the unemployment duration, acquiring occupational skills, and receiving unemployment insurance are among explanatory features of labor wages. With an increase in unemployment duration, selecting a job with low wage is more likely to be probable. On the other hand, by increasing human capital and improving occupational skills by participating in training courses, it is possible for the trained jobseeker to find a job with proper wage. But unemployment insurance has a double impact. On the one hand, unemployment insurance provides an opportunity for unemployed to search longer for a job with appropriate wage. On the other hand, the jobseeker receiving unemployment insurance becomes more selective and presumably decreases the job search intensity. This study examined the causal effects of these variables on the wages of jobseekers at work in the years of 1393-94 using the linear regression method. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between wages and learning occupational skills. The relation between unemployment duration and wages is negative and consistent with theory, receiving unemployment insurance does not have a significant effect on wages. The results of the model estimation using instrumental variables in two-stage least squares method showed that the coefficients resulted from this method are greater than those of ordinary least squares method and their effects on wages are significant.

Objectives: Periodical revision of regular surveys is inevitable and essential to keep or to raise their efficiencies through making necessary improvements in designing process and application of available methods, usually such improvements or adjustments could affect the Comparability of the data time series so that it may not permit such comparability easily.It is important to note, however, that despite the benefits of improving current survey, changes should be approached cautiously and the effects measured and evaluated. When possible, methods to bridge differences caused by changes or techniques to avoid the disruption of historical series should be included in the testing of new or revised survey. The present study aims to ensure the comparability of Unemployment rates from the two Labour Force Surveys (2005 and 2006) and the Household's Employment and Unemployment Characteristics Surveys (2002 to 2004) by adjusting such rates based on the standard definitions. Method: The methodology that implied in this research is a librarian method. It is based on documents, information and data that Produced and accessible in this area from related resource.Findings: The Household's Employment and Unemployment Survey is suffering from a considerable overestimation in unemployment rate because of sum deference's between its definitions and international standard definitions, mostly caused by lack of care for the criterion "Seeking work" in the survey implementation and processing its results and undercount employed with work house of 16 or less and self employed in agriculture sector. Comparison of the adjusted rates in the years from 2002 to 2006 is indicative of reasonable increase in Unemployment rate in 2005 and 2006 as compared with the preceding years. The extent of such an increase is not observable on the basis of figures released from the two surveys in the years mentioned.Results: As a result of using different definitions and criterias for dividing work age population to employed, unemployed and inactive in new and old surveys, the resulted unemployment rates by those surveys are not comparable directty. In fact we can compare above rates just after reconstructing them by the same definitions.

Unemployment has a high potential for creating crises socially and politically, and thus it can call into question the state’ s acceptability and legitimacy. The state’ s response to unemployment is to delay the entrance of the new labor force into the job market by providing educational opportunities, which has led to an increase in unemployment among educated people in Iran. An spatial difference in unemployment and share of unemployed educated people in the country, a chronic spatial discrimination and domination of the core-periphery pattern and its adaption on the habitat of ethnic groups increase political concerns and the chance of rising unrests in Iran. This article uses descriptive-analytical and statistical methods with an emphasis on the discovery of spatial patterns of unemployment in general and unemployment of educated people in particular. The paper applies the methods of spatial analysis of Moran and Getis – Ord Gi * statistics to address the question on unemployment patterns in Iran and their effect on the country's political geography. The results show that the spatial patterns of unemployment are different from those related to the unemployment of educated people, and the sustainability of these patterns over time has strengthened the uneven processes of migration and development leading to the people's perceiving these as political. The continuation of this situation from a political geography perspective is a major challenge for the state and government.