عمل اداری به عنوان مفهومی محوری در حقوق اداری به رغم داشتن آثار متعدد در اجرای حقوق اداری و تشخیص صلاحیت دادگاهها، در قوانین ایران تعریف نشده است.دکترین در مراحل اولیه و بازنگری است،رویه قضایی نیزایجاد نشده است.لذا این مقاله برای نیل به هدف تبیین مفهوم عمل اداری، رای یکی از شعب دیوان عدالت اداری را با روش تحلیل رای بررسی نموده است.قاضی صادرکننده رای اعتقاد به انحصار صلاحیت دیوان در رسیدگی به عمل اداری داشته و قانونی بودن و در راستای انجام وظیفه قانونی بودن را از شروط شکل گیری عمل اداری دانسته است و عقیده دارد،عمل اداری در اعمال حاکمیتی با هدف برقراری نظم عمومی یا انجام خدمت عمومی وجود دارد.نویسندگان این مقاله معتقدند گرچه اصل بر نظارت بر عمل اداری در چنین نهادهایی است و عمل اداری نیز باید شرایطی داشته باشد ولی این امر ناقض صلاحیت دیوان نیست.قانونی بودن،در راستای انجام وظیفه بودن آن،دنبال کردن حفظ نظم عمومی و انجام خدمت عمومی می تواند از شرایط صحت عمل اداری باشد ولی فقدان آنها نافی صلاحیت دیوان نمی باشد.در نهایت این مقاله ضمن تبیین مفهوم عمل اداری بدین شرح «یک تصمیم یا اقدام اعم از فعل یا ترک فعل است که مقامات و مامورین اداری دولتی و عمومی با قصد ایجاد آثار حقوقی بر اشخاص و موارد معین و بصورت غیر ترافعی انجام می دهند»؛ به این نتیجه می رسد که مفهوم عمل اداری مورد نظر رای مطابقت دقیقی با قواعد نداشته و برخی معیارهای دیگر از جمله شروط صحت عمل اداری در تعریف خلط شده است.

This paper aims to evaluate whether features of the public sphere are present in the activities of Iranian Twitter users. To achieve this objective, the paper provides a synthesis of computational social sciences, network analysis, and Habermas’s approach to the public sphere. The data comes from all Iranian users, including those who are actively engaged in political issues on Twitter. This method of data collection focuses on the computational aspects of the users. Added information on how they conducted networking and facilitated public opinion, which resulted in increased user interaction, would complete the data-gathering process to align with the theoretical claims. It also indicates that Twitter was a platform on which Iranian users fulfilled the requirements of the public sphere. Some of the findings indicate that there were 48,076 users connected with 25,534,713 edges, and together, they formed three communities. While one of the communities focused solely on social issues, the other two engaged in a rival political challenge. It seems that this situation exemplified the main characteristic of the public sphere, namely, the freedom to express political views and the formation of diverse communities with competing ideas.

Interdisciplinary studies are one of the new fields in epistemology, which have gone beyond the realm of classical studies and offer us a new methodology. Public policy is an interdisciplinary concept in human sciences that is known for its contextual application, as a "specialized concept" to an "academic discipline". This situation shows its importance and high capacity among the concepts of human sciences. Understanding such importance, the present paper seeks to explore this concept in the knowledge of public law. In this regard, this paper achieved these results using a descriptive-analytical method. First; the interdisciplinary nature of public policy makes it difficult to properly and accurately understand this concept in public law. Secondly; since the first place of this concept is in other sciences, so public law can use its capacity only as a succedent knowledge. Thirdly; the reading of the mentioned concept in public law can be evaluated as legal based on its practical context in law, such as judicial policies. Therefore, the concept in public law alone cannot be considered as a specialized establishment. Fourth; it seems that the concepts of politics and policy-making at the moment when they are placed as an interdisciplinary concept among specific sciences have a conceptual color and smell and can be discussed according to the context of a specific knowledge.

Human procreation and its various features are among the most important topics worldwide. One of the areas of this analysis deals with international human rights documents because these documents show international trends in reproductive rights. Therefore, this paper aims to prepare a venue to understand the definition, nature or entity, scope and content, right - holder and duty bearer, and the obligations of duty-bearers regarding others’ reproductive rights in international human rights organizations. The findings indicated there is no specific and agreed definition of reproductive rights in these human rights documents. The theories (Hohfeld’s theory about a right, the Will - Choice Theory, and the Benefit - Interest Theory) cannot justify the nature of reproductive rights well. There are many epistemological challenges regarding the content and the scope of these reproductive rights and related states’ obligations in those treaties, which made the realization of these reproductive rights difficult or even impossible.

Public law as a discipline of legal science which considers public matters – in confront with private matter, is established in ancient Rome and influenced deeply the European history. In the first step, its basic concepts, such as Imperium and Jurisdictio, and its outlook toward the relation of power and law, gave way to the concept of sovereignty as a monopoly of approving, changing and abolishing of statutes. It leads to the establishment of authoritative governments. In the second step, it provides the proponents of absolutism with legal arguments against their traditional and new rivals. At the end, it were the constitutionalists who promote Roman law with some principle of roman private and corporate law and reinterpretation of old concepts in shadow of new needs of era to apply them against their oponents. Finally, these disputes resulted in our understanding of modern state and representation and Roman law, despite to its flexibility, leaved its lasting impression, i. e. formulation of political conflicts in the legal language.

Public Law has some unique characteristics which draws a distinction between it and other branches of law. It proposes this question، that whether these characteristics provide a specific way of interpretation for public law. One can answer to this question that although public law does not have specific method of interpretation، it enjoys different interpretational schools in different ways. For example، nowadays، the inefficiency of Originalism in some area of public law is well demonstrated. In constitutional law، the key role of constitution as a most important document in distribution of power، freedoms and rights and its ambiguous and general terms presents some problems for Orginalism، which believes in determination of meaning. In administrative law، regarding the fundamental developments in the modern administration and the hesitation about some premises of it-such as rule of law and separation of power-Originalism faces with a crisis. Therefore، there are some growing trends toward dynamic ways of interpretation. This debate plays a pivotal role in distribution of power between judiciary and administrative institutions.