In order to provide the possibility of defense against maneuvering targets and providing better opportunity for decisions, a general structure for different maneuvers of targets have been provided in this paper. Moreover, variety of trajectories is simulated from radar perspective and the maneuver determination is considered carefully. In order to detect and track the targets trajectory to perform a proper defense, the targets motion must be simulated so that the tracking is to be done with minimal error. In order to present a general structure for maneuvers of targets, in this paper, different models for targets trajectory in one, two and three-dimensional forms for maneuvering and non-maneuvering targets are studied and simulated. As an innovation, effects of detection and false alarm probabilities were applied to the simulations. For all the presented models, trajectory simulation was done and the results are summarized in diagrams in this paper. The results can be used for evaluating different tracking algorithms in different SNRs.

In recent years, the development of the use of location-based tools has made it possible to produce geometric trajectories from the user's movement paths. In this way, users' goal of traveling and related activities can be considered in addition to the geometry and route shape. the user activity trajectory represents the sequence of the visited activities and its related analysis as presented in many studies. In the meantime, the most important analysis is the identification of frequent patterns to predict future activities. In previous studies, only one user’ s data was used, as well as previous activities of the user were not taken into account in presented frequent patterns. For this purpose, this paper presents a framework such as After encoding the activities and forming a sequence matrix, the frequent patterns using all users' trajectories are identified considering previous activities. The proposed method also offers the ability to identify frequent patterns for the origin, destination, or interesting activity. The results of comparing the proposed method with two methods based on tree structure represent a mean of 60% reduction in computing time to form the database.

Signs are the only meaningful tools of communication that their unique properties in affirmation of cultural and historical context reveals how human knowledge grows which can be investigated by emphasizing the relationships between the signs and their meanings with the outside world. Sign system and its relation to the signage process is a subject which discussing about it is possible based on dependency of sign investigation, the process of their emergence as well as the various implications of signs and their application. Charles Sanders Peirce is one of the thinkers who discovered these implications and access to the hidden meanings of signs, by classifying its features in figurative and symbolic forms, in a point of view as a sign system and has addressed the relationship between them in the ratio of the sign with the context of its occurrence and the interpreter as signage process. In this trend, the signs act in the form of visual media which the quality of their mission in transmitting the message depends on the recognition of the signs and their proper classification since each sign is, on the one hand, dependent on other signs and related components and on the other hand, is variable in terms of its application, which is presented in different communication textures corresponding to different cultures, civilizations. This leads to signs always being considered as a language. Also, different forms considered it to have a diverse linguistic structure with distinct functions. In this regard, the present study is trying to analyze the semiotics of the evolution of calligraphy to Persian calligraphy, relying on the two areas of the sign system and the process of signification. The main question is, how can one make the connection between the semiotic developments of calligraphy and calligraphy with the sign system and the process of notation based on their commonalities? Furthermore, what is the difference between the sign system and the evolution of Script into calligraphy? The main purpose of the research is to explain the fields of dependence of common roots between Script and writing with the semiotic system. Also, the sub-objectives of the research are that first, despite receiving structural differences, while there are fundamental components between the two, their unity in explaining a similar theme such as the sign is achieved. Then, in order to analyze the semiotics of the media course of script to calligraphy in relation to the sign system and the process of signification, to study and study the course of these developments. It also seeks to explain its effective capabilities as the inheritor of human deep thoughts and creativity from the earliest times of human culture and civilization to the present day, in explaining similar themes such as visual cues. With these interpretations, in spite of previous research, the necessity of such a study is based on the distinct analysis and reading of script to calligraphy developments, in a scientific framework and with a specific semiotic approach, which gives the opportunity to look at the history of Iranian art differently. Role is a sign that has remained intact, both in terms of theoretical foundations and in terms of aspects discussed. Therefore, the importance of studying and establishing the relationship between the two is an achievement that does not have a significant background. The methodology of this research is analytical and using the study of written library resources and visual documents and according to Peirce's views, it is among the developmental researches. It also qualitatively shows that the semiotic analysis obtained from the study of visual documents of script to calligraphy, makes it possible to understand its commonality with the sign system and the process of signification. To this end, due to the vastness of the historical scope of script and calligraphy developments, it has first tried to study and divide calligraphy developments in the stages of calligraphy, thought writing, transliteration and alphabet. Then the objective instance of the written visual cues and its implicit meanings in each period should be applied separately to the punctuation classification. For this purpose, the images have been selected from the statistical population of the visual documents of calligraphy transformation in such a way as to cover as much as possible the course of visual and symbolic developments of script to calligraphy from the beginning to the present. It also reveals more precise and tangible differences in sign differences and the goals of rising from their meanings. Because only with a proper understanding of the concept of sign and its effect during stylistic differences is the evolution of script to calligraphy, which can be examined to match the role of the sign with the desired practical and artistic process. The research findings show that script and calligraphy in the course of their developments have always created an innovative visual language that can be searched for in various symbolic, index, symbolic and abstract sign systems. However, the relationship between it and the process of signification and in the form of semantic belonging, manifestation and interpretation is also revealed.

Pattern mining on paths and roads data has brought up valuable and effective achievements in different areas, such as: roads and urbanization, transportation, and even forecasting social services. The trajectory patterns of moving objects in road networks were examined to extract efficient patterns. Among the challenges in clustering techniques of pattern mining is to find consecutive patterns with low run time. To solve this problem, a clustering algorithm was proposed titled BFEs-Enhanced, which can be used to extract sequential and meaningful flock patterns with a short time interval. Simulation results showed that the proposed method, thanks to the use of efficient criteria for clustering, such as maximum distance and minimum number demonstrated an outstanding performance. In addition, a new criterion was added to the algorithm called minimum time period. Along with the distance criterion in BFE-Enhanced algorithm, the criterion of direction was also added to the algorithm to improve its accuracy. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is featured with a shorter time interval and higher number of meaningful and sequential patterns.

Large amount of users’ trajectories, is an emerging source of inexpensive data that can be used to provide an opportunity to present route recommendation service to the unfamiliar users within the area. In this study, with the aim of finding the optimal route, we first extract both local users and local road segments data sets by ranking them via HITS algorithm. In this model, a hub is a user who many time has crossed many road segments of a region, and an authority is a road segment that has been crossed by many users. Therefore, users’ travel experiences (hub scores) and the interests of road segments (authority scores) have a mutual reinforcement relation. We also propose a novel approach in which the basic unit of routing is separate road segment instead of GPS trajectory segment. Moreover, to provide the approximate routing, we create a local graph. The center of the local road segments are considered as nodes and are based on local streets sequence arrange the pieces obtained from the trajectory of the user as edges of local graph. According to this graph, two steps of routing are used to obtain the optimal path. Then using Dijkstra's algorithm on the main road network and obtained an approximate route, shortest route between two local road segments based on this graph is used to obtain the optimal route. To implement and test, used data, from the trajectories of moving users in Tehran, has been gathered for 3 months on daily basis. To evaluate performance of the two-step routing, we experimentally compared the travel time in proposed routeto Dijkstra’s shortest path for different lengths and users with different levels of regional knowledge. The travel time in the proposed method was decreased 60 percent compare to shortest route.

Background and purpose: Imbalance between low oxygen supply and oxygen demands determines organ hypoxia causing oxidative stress and finally lead to cell death. Compounds with antioxidant activity are able to exhibit antihypoxic property. Allium sativum has distinctive antioxidant activities, but to the best of our knowledge, there is no reports on the protective effect of flower of this plant against hypoxia. In this study, antihypoxic activities of this plant were evaluated. Materials and methods: Protective effects of A. sativum flower methanolic extract against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated by three experimental models. Analysis of variance was performed followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. Results: Considerable protective activities were established in all models. Antihypoxic activity was pronounced in asphyctic model. A. sativum flower methanolic extract showed the same activity of the positive control; phenytoin, at 125 mg/kg (P>0. 05). At 250 mg/kg it was significantly higher than phenytoin (P<0. 001). Compared to control group, in haemic model, the extract significantly prolonged survival time in a dose dependent manner. At 125 mg/kg, the extract was capable of keeping the mice alive for 31. 20± 5. 68 min (P<0. 001). At 62. 5 mg/kg, it prolonged survival time (P<0. 05). In circulatory model, the extract at 125 mg/kg significantly prolonged survival time (P<0. 05) but was not found to be effective at 62. 5 mg/kg (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Methanolic extract of A. sativum flower demonstrated strong protective effects against hypoxia in all three models.