To find out the optimum percentage of Sirjan's and Ghaodar sefied's pozzolans (two cities which are located in Kerman province) az cement replacement, first by two methods, their strength activity index were determined and then for different mixes with different ages were tested Based on 28 day ages of compressive strength, the percentage of pozzolans which was assumed to be suitable as the cement replacement was selected as the optimum percentage of different mixes. For the selected mixes, the different long term tests were carried out to measure the mechanical properties. The results were also compared with the same non pozzolanic oncrete mix of each similar group. Also considering the important role of concrete durability, the pozzolanic and non pozzolanic concrete specimens of different cement and curing types were prepared and evaluated with each other.

Introduction and aims: Most of paper and cardboard industries regardless of the exorbitant costs use incineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in these wastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studies show that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete.Materials and method: In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: waste contains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have the most volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measured according to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elements were measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required tests were carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days respectively.Results: Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that there will not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reduces the compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing waste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount of waste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density test show the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of waste replacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare with using waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containing waste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75% ,respectively, as well as for samples containing both waste types, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2.Conclusion: According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use of waste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use of paperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency (profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structural weight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused by incineration and landfilling) is noticeable.

Here the advantages of employing a biorefinery approach in conjunction with optimization techniques were utilized to attain high overall process efficiency. Initially, an alkaline pH-shift process assisted by ultrasonic and its subsequent optimization were employed to maximize the extraction yield and whiteness index of muscle proteins isolated from lanternfish (B. pterotum). The optimal strategy was determined as follows: 6 mL g-1, pH1 (solubilization) 11.5, 310 W, and pH2 (precipitation) 5.8 with desirability of 0.84. Collagen hydrolysate was obtained from the connective tissue-containing sediment residue emerging during pH-shift process. The optimal isolated protein (OIP) was utilized to produce heat-set gels in combination with collagen hydrolysate. Breaking force and deformation of the OIP gel were measured at 123 (g) and 10.12 (mm) respectively. Collagen hydrolysate made breaking force (up to 2% w/w) and deformation (up to 10% w/w) improved and had positive effects on color characteristics (especially whiteness index) as well as water holding capacity. Hence, it can be concluded that the integration of a novel extraction technique such as ultrasonic with pH-shift process followed by optimization, as well as concurrent utilization of muscle and connective tissue proteins through a biorefinery approach; provides a significant advancement towards scaling up the extraction process.

Deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) is an important method for interpretation of the results of chemical analysis and diagnosis of nutritional status of plants. In order to evaluate the nutritional status of squash (Lagenaria Vulgaris) through DOP, 122 leaf samples were collected from squash fields of Khoy region and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were analyzed. The squash fields were divided into high and low yielding groups. The mean of nutrients concentration in high yielding-fields was selected as norms for the calculation of DOP indices. DOP indices showed that macro-and micro nutrients requirement as follow K>P>Mg>Ca>N and Zn>Fe>B>Cu>Mn respectively. So nitrogen had the most positive index but potassium and zinc had the most negative indices among nutrients. DOP nutritional balance index was much more than zero indicating nutritional imbalance in this region. Finally, it was concluded that K and Zn deficiencies are more critical in reduction of the squash yield and the application of their fertilizers can improve growth and yield of squash in the region...

Nutritional balance of crops is one of the most important factors which affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. The method of deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) is one of the suitable methods in interpret the results of the nutrients analysis in crops, the nutrients requirements and the nutritional balance status in crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of sugarcane by the DOP method in 25 plant fields, 72 first ratoon fields and 44 second ratoon fields in Hakim Farabi Agro Industry Company, Khuzestan province. Leaf samples were collected from studied fields and concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured. In order to interpret the nutrient concentration data and assess the nutritional status of sugarcane, the fields were divided into two groups with high and low yield. Then nutrient norms, nutrient DOP indices and nutritional balance index (∑DOP) were calculated. The results indicated that in the low yield fields, K and P (as macronutrients) had more negative indices, as well as Fe and Zn (as micronutrients). Based on DOP indices, the order of crop nutrients requirement in low yield fields were as K>P>Mg>Ca>N, K>P>N>Mg>Ca and P>K>N>Mg>Ca in plant, first ratoon and second ratoon, respectively. In general, fertilizer inappropriate management resulted to the imbalance of nutritional in sugarcane that it affect sugarcane yield. Therefore, balanced and optimal fertilization with integrated application of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers should be considered in sugarcane fields.