Introduction: Resilience is a human ability to adapt in face of hardship and tragedy events. Individuals have different levels of resilience, which can be increased or decreased by different factors. Friendship can be considered as one of these factors. The aim of the present study is to determine the relation of friendship quality and friendship reciprocity with resilience.Method: The sample included 250 students (120 boys and 130 girls) of third-year students in high school selected by random cluster sampling from four areas of the city of Shiraz. They were assessed by three questionnaires: friendship quality, friendship reciprocity (Hejazi and Zahrevan, 1380) and resilience (Conner-Davidson, 2003).Results: The results showed a positive and significant relation between friendship quality, friendship reciprocity and resilience. Based on the results of stepwise regression analysis , self-disclosure, loyalty and confidence, proximity and friendship reciprocity are able to predict resilience changes .In relation with components of friendship quality, intimacy & self-disclosure and friendship reciprocity, girls have significant superiority to boys. Also the results showed girls are more resilient than boys.Conclusion: Friendship quality and friendship reciprocity can predict resilience. Therefore, encouraging adolescents to make reciprocal friendships can lead them to be more resilient. Also components of friendship quality, friendship reciprocity and resilience are different between two genders.

Friendship was one of the pivotal notions in Aristotle’s Ethics. It has, however, been neglected and marginalized in the history of western thought. There has, however, in recent times a new attentionbeing paid to this notion. This essay studies the relationship between contemporary political philosophy and friendship by assesing the notion of solidarity in this regard.

“Shahname” is one of the early masterpieces of didactic literature which focuses on teaching humane qualities through moral, religious and wisdom themes. One of these teachings is friendship and peace-lovingness which has been dealt with in Shahname in both personal and social levels. The status of kindness, best friend, ways of making new friends, friendship conditions, how to strengthen friendship relation and even the friendship outcomes have been posed by Ferdosi in Shahname. He tells us about innovative recommendations and solutions which are humane and universal teachings and belongs to all eras and times.

Peace, friendship and reconciliation have been of the most used words since the dawn of human civilization. They are mentioned in heavenly books such as: Holy Quran, Bible and The Torah as well as in mystical, philosophical, scholarly and literary books on numerous occasions. These concepts are well placed in mystics, scholars, intellectuals, scientists and poet’ s thoughts. In mystical literature, mystics have emphasized definition of peace, friendship and reconciliation and have frequently called people upon peace and friendship in their mystical prose. Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi is considered as one of the most important and most well-known mystics of 13the century A. D who has disseminated the enlightenment of mysticism, reconciliation and friendship through his grandeur writings as well as valuable mystic thoughts all over the world. He simulates human existence to a reed that has been separated from his source and has complained about this separation. Therefore, humans need to free themselves form mundane limits and go back to their source. Such humans would be innocuous and peace-seeking individuals in their entire lives. Regarding this issue, the writer has tried to investigate Mowlana’ s thoughts and perspectives concerning peace and friendship in this study.

Background: Attention to moral values is an important duty that should be regard by universities and centers. This study aims to explore the moral intelligence of undergraduate students, and then determine the relationship between moral intelligence and altruism of them.Method: This research is an applied study, and method of collecting and analyzing data is descriptive-correlation. The population includes students of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences at University of Qom. Based on Morgan’ table, the sample size was calculated 196 subjects. Data gathering tools are two standard questionnaires of moral intelligence and altruism. Data analyzed through statistical techniques of variance analysis, T test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Pearson correlation with using SPSS software.Results: Students had very good situation in components of compassion, keeping a promise, caring for others and the ability to forgive the mistakes of others. There is meaningful relationship between most of moral intelligence components and students altruism. There is no significant relationship between students’ moral intelligence and age, ranking for entrance to university and educational level of parents. There was no significant relationship between students’ altruism and age, parental education level, but significant correlation with ranking for entrance to university.Conclusion: Given to this point that moral intelligence is acquired and is associated with altruism, the education that led to the development of students' moral intelligence could cause to enhance altruism and ultimately to higher academic levels for university.

This paper attempts to present a different approach to the study of political concepts by using the paradigmatic undertaking. This effort is undertaken to help avoid the misunderstandings prevailing in the study of political philosophy. The concept of "friendship" is studied here in the framework of paradigms to indicate that once again the notion of friendship is gaining a central significance in contemporary political thought. The paper first elaborates the characteristic of three thought paradigms and then the concept of "friendship" is explained in three paradigms: classical, modern individualist and critical-social paradigm.