Introduction: The growing vulnerability of urban environments and human settlements to changing climatic patterns necessitates transformative urban planning and design approaches. Among these approaches, using Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) as a pivotal tool for mitigating urban heat islands, enhancing public health, and improving thermal comfort has garnered significant attention. UGI, as an integral component of climate-sensitive urban design, serves to balance natural and built environments, promoting sustainable and energy-efficient urban spaces while safeguarding natural resources. This study examines the impact of UGI within the framework of climate-sensitive design, with a focus on the Gol Mohammadi neighborhood in Isfahan. By synthesizing conceptual insights and analyzing the microclimatic conditions of the area, the study evaluates the environmental benefits and functional efficiency of UGI interventions.Methodology: A comprehensive mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining qualitative urban design principles with quantitative assessments of UGI’s climatic effects. The study utilized ENVI-met software to simulate and analyze six distinct scenarios, each representing different configurations of UGI, such as variations in vegetation coverage and distribution. Logical reasoning and scenario development informed the synthesis of findings, while   iterative simulations provided a robust basis for evaluating UGI’s impact on critical environmental indices, including temperature, wind speed, and mean radiant temperature. Optimized through comparative analysis, the final scenario was tested to offer actionable insights for integrating UGI into urban design frameworks.Results: The simulation outcomes reveal that UGI scenarios emphasizing increased tree coverage yielded the most substantial improvements in microclimatic conditions. Trees demonstrated a pronounced capacity for temperature reduction and thermal comfort enhancement, significantly mitigating urban heat island effects.Complementary strategies, such as green façades and green roofs, while slightly less effective than tree-based solutions, contributed meaningfully to the overall climatic performance of the neighborhood. The proposed optimal scenario combined strategically positioned trees, façades, and roofs, offering a synergistic model for maximizing UGI efficiency. Moreover, the findings facilitated the development of targeted strategies and policies to integrate UGI into sustainable urban design, ensuring adaptability to diverse climatic contexts.Discussion: The study categorized UGI applications into six scenarios to explore their impact on the neighborhood’s microclimate systematically:Scenario S0: No vegetation.Scenario SN: Existing vegetation.Scenario SG: Maximum tree coverage along streets and gardens.Scenario SF: Existing vegetation supplemented by 100% green façades.Scenario SR: Existing vegetation complemented by 100% green roofs.Scenario SS: Optimized design based on insights from previous scenarios.Comparative analyses of climatic factors indicated that Scenario SG, emphasizing tree coverage, achieved the most significant temperature reductions and enhanced wind flow, making it particularly effective for improving summer thermal comfort. The SF (green façade) and SR (green roof) scenarios also demonstrated measurable impacts, particularly in reducing localized heat buildup. These findings underscore the versatility of UGI in addressing urban climatic challenges, with each type of intervention offering unique advantages.Conclusion: This study underscores the transformative potential of UGI in fostering climate-sensitive urban environments. By leveraging advanced simulation techniques, it demonstrates that tree-based solutions significantly mitigate urban heat islands. At the same time, green façades and roofs complement these effects by enhancing energy efficiency and climatic resilience. The findings highlight the importance of integrating UGI into urban design frameworks to harmonize built environments with natural ecosystems. This alignment fosters sustainable urban growth, optimizes resource use, and enhances urban livability

Rosa damascena Mill. from rosaceae family is cultivated in different parts of Iran, and its essential oil and rose water in large scales are produced. In this study, essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method. Nine genotypes samples from Isfahan province collected and cultivated in experiment field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents in Kamoo (with for samples) were phenylethyl alcohol (8.5 - 20.3%), citronellol (15.5 - 21.2%), geraniol (5.6 - 20.3%) and n- nonadecane (18.7 - 27.9%) and in Ghahrood (with one sample) were phenylethyl alcohol (15.2%), citronellol (12.8%), geraniol (12.7%) and n- nonadecane (25.5%) and in Ghamsar (with two samples) were phenylethyl alcohol (7.1 - 17.5%), citronellol( 99.5 - 17.7%), geraniol (6 - 13.3%) and n- nonadecane (25.5- 31%)and in Mashhad Ardehal (withtwo samples) were phenylethylalcohol(4.5- 10.3%), citronellol (13.9- 20.7%), geraniol (10.9- 18.4%) and n- nonadecane(23.6 - 25.5%).

Green spaces in the urban environment can contribute to reduce the Urban Heat Island. In a context of climate change, with the expected increase in temperature, dryness and intensity of heat waves, green areas assume even higher importance as they can create a cooling effect that extends to the surrounding areas. This study analyses the thermal performance of Golmohamady Park (9. 2866 ha) with vegetation cover (7. 5464 ha) and its influence in the surrounding atmospheric environment space in Esfahan. Measurements of weather parameters (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) were carried out along a selected path, starting from inside the green area to surrounding streets with different orientations and solar exposure. It was found that the park was cooler than the surrounding areas, either in the sun or in the shade. These differences were higher in hotter days and particularly related to the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). The highest difference found was of 6. 7 C in relation to air temperature. In both cases this difference occurred between the shaded site inside the park and the sunny site in an E-W oriented street in the North of Golmohamady Park. Besides the local weather conditions, particularly the low wind speed, the sun exposure and the urban geometry are the potential factors that explain these differences. The cooling effect of green spaces on the surrounding environment can be enhanced by additional measures related to the urban features of each city.

Given the consequences of climate change impacts on production and economic situation of Agriculture Sector of Iran, as emphasized by both the National Document for Development of Medicinal Plants and the Sixth Five Year Development National Plan of Iran, the area under cultivation of medicinal plants should increase from 16506 hectares (19 percent of which is already under cultivation of damask rose) to 50000 hectares by the end of the development plan. However, since the damask rose production yield in many provinces is relatively low and the level of active ingredients is not at a high enough level, the production of this flower may not be economically advisable. This study was conducted in descriptive and analytical methods using SWOT matrix for analyzing the primary and secondary data obtained from documents as well as field visits through deep interviews. The study results indicated that the damask rose development policy should focus on programs and activities aiming at increasing the production yield and improving the quality of flowers as well as the diversification of processed products, instead of emphasizing on increase in the area under cultivation; in addition, the damask rose processing mills should not limit their activities to the rose water, rather the rose oil, rose concrete and absolute should be induced to produce for using whole plant potentials.

Rosa damascene Mill is a plant in the family of Rosaceae. Since many years ago, its flowers have been used in Iran for obtaining rose water. In traditional medicine of Iran, R. damascene was suggested for the treatment of different kinds of illnesses such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, gum bleeding, headache, memory disorders, wounds, and cardiovascular diseases. In the past decade, this plant has been a subject of rigorous studies to confirm its traditional therapeutic uses, to find new pharmacological effects, and to determine chemical constituents responsible for its biological actions. Alkanes, flavonoids, terpenes, and terpenoids are among the most important compounds identified in R. damascene. The experimental and clinical studies have revealed several pharmacological effects for R. damascene extracts including antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, inotropic, memory-enhancing, and sleep-prolonging actions. This review presents up to date information on chemical constituents of R. damascene and discusses traditional uses and new pharmacological findings about this plant.

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) are important rose viruses in the world. The aims of this study were to detect the viruses and evaluate their distribution in damask rose floricultures of the Isfahan, Kerman and Markazi Provinces. To do this, total 749 leaf samples were collected randomly from floricultures of the mentioned provinces in 2012-13. Presence of the viruses in the samples was checked by DAS-ELISA using specific antibodies against each of the viruses. The result of ELISA test on collected samples in 2012 showed that 4.41%, 2.20% and 6.3% of the samples were infected with ArMV, ApMV and PNRSV, respectively. These percentages for samples collected in 2013, were 2.31%, 5.32% and 4.16%. Because of wider distribution of PNRSV in comparison to ArMV and ApMV, coat protein gene in four isolates of PNRSV was cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was drawn and recombination analyses were performed. Based on the phylogenetic tree, Iranian isolates were placed in PV96 phylogroup. This is the first report of genetic diversity of PNRSV in Iran and also the first incidence report of ArMV, ApMV and PNRSV in Isfahan and Markazi provinces.