Background and Objectives: Currently, Allen & Gilbert’s entrapment scale is used in order to measure entrapment in different countries. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the validity and reliability of entrapment scale in the students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Methods: A total of 162 students (60 males and 102 females) of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were selected by simple random sampling and responded to the research tools. To examine the validity of entrapment scale, methods including content validity, item-total correlation (material analysis) and subtest-total correlation (factors analysis) were applied, and in order to examine the scale’s reliability, methods including Cronbach’s alpha and split-half were used. Significance level was considered to be 0.01 (99% confidence).Results: Analysis of the questionnaire’s items demonstrated that item-total correlation coefficients were significant in all cases and varied in the range of 0.44-0.76. The subtest-total correlation coefficient with the total score was determined 0.95 for external entrapment subscale and 0.90 for internal entrapment subscale (p<0.01). Also, factors analysis indicated the presence of two general factors. In addition, by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, the internal reliability of the scale for total scale and subscales of the external and internal entrapment subscales were calculated 0.92, 0.87, 0.88, respectively. The split-half reliability coefficient of the scale was obtained 0.88.Conclusion: All in all, the results of this research demonstrated that entrapment scale has satisfying psychometric properties for use in Iranian students.

Hydatid cyst of the heart is a rare disease which seems endemic among rural areas and countries exporting muttow.The established theory regarding heart involvement in hydratid cyst is because of involvement of the coronary arteries due to Echinococcus granulosis disease.Here a case is reported where hydatid cyst initially affected the areas adjacent to the pulmonary valve, later spreading to the right and left pulmonary arteries and eventually metastasizing to both lungs, and because of this rare course, this spread in this patient could be considered as a retrograde spreed (from heart to lungs).The site of origin and the spread reises this question as to whether E.granulosa can directly station itself at the pulmonary valve and resist the blood current and thus produces the mother cyst at that particular site.

Introduction: Pathologic myopia, as a leading cause of blindness, produces significant vitreoretinal degenerative changes. Knowing the extent of the problem in any region will help to stabilize appropriate preventive measures. Material and Methods: 100 eyes of 50 myopic patients (28 females and 22 males) with an average age of 27.14 years and myopia of -12 diopteres were examined in ophthalmology clinic, Emam Reza General Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sinences. Results: Observed in eighty-four percent of patients, Chorioretinal degenerative changes were the most common, followed by vitreoretinaal detachments (27%), decreased or lossed macular reflex (23%), posterior pole staphyloma (21%), temporac crescent (14%), vitreous syneresis (14%), Fuch's spots (7%), and Lacquer cracks (5%). There was a statistically significant correlation between retinal detachment and age, posterior pole staphyloma and age, posterior pole staphyloma and severity of myopia, and poor macular reflex and severity of myopia (all p<0.05).Conclusion: The study demonstrated a wide range of posterior segment pathologies in our patients. The results are comparable to that of previous studies elsewhere. It insists once more the importance of educating the patients about proper protective measures.

Background and aim: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease which is known to involve the female genital tract but the frequency at which this occurs is unknown. There are relatively few reports in the literature of the cytological appearance of PV on cervicovaginal smears. Our aim was to evaluate involvement of the female genital tract and cervicovaginal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in PV.Materials and methods: The study included 77 patients with PV visited from April 2005to February 2007. Each patient was subjected to gynecological examination and cervicovaginal Pap smear. Results: The mean age of patients was 44.7±13 years. Genital lesions were observed in 39 patients (50.6%).Labia minor was involved in 36 patients (92.3%), while labia major in 11(28.2%), vagina in 14 (35.8%), and cervix in six (15.3%). Cervicovaginal smears of 20 patients (25.9%) showed PV. Among 72 satisfactory smears, cervical Pap smears were normal in 25 patients (34.7%), inflammatory in 43 patients (59.7%), and dysplastic (low-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia [CIN I] in four patients (5.5%). In 2 of these patients, Pap smears were normal repeated when patients were in remission.Conclusion: Involvement of the female genital tract might not be as infrequent as was previously thought and it is probably the second most common mucosal site of PV after oral mucosa. Genital lesions maybe missed and the need for thorough pelvic examination shouldn't be overlooked.

Proving eternality and the hereafter life are based on some philosophical questions such as personal identity and the permanence of this identity in all existential levels. The personal identity is so important that we cannot have a clear perspective of the hereafter life without it.In this paper we will discuss the essential foundation of personal identity and answer the objections made by some scholars. Moreover we consider and criticize different criteria related to explanation of personal identity. Finally we proceed to some viewpoints about bodily, mental, existential criteria and so on