ACCOMMODATION anomalies are the spectrum of disorders, which affect monocular and binocular clear vision, particularly at a near distance. ACCOMMODATION anomalies can be classified into three major categories: ACCOMMODATION deficit, ACCOMMODATION excess, and failure to alter ACCOMMODATION. In this article, we will review categories of clinical characteristics, etiology, and treatment options.

Introduction: International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has provided a comprehensive discussion on threshold dose for radiation-induced cataract in ICRP publication 116. Accordingly, various parts of the eye lens have different radio-sensitivities. Recently, some studies have been performed to develop a realistic eye model with the aim of providing accurate estimation of fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients for different parts of the eye. However, the effect of ACCOMMODATION, which changes the lens shape and pupil size, on dose conversion coefficients has not been considered yet. In this study, we purport to develop an ACCOMMODATION-dependent eye model and to study the effects of ACCOMMODATION on the electron and proton fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients.Materials and Methods: Herein, a modified eye model was developed by considering the effects of ACCOMMODATION on the lens shape and pupil size. In addition, MCNPX 2.6 Monte Carlo transport code was used to calculate the effects of eye lens ACCOMMODATION on electron and proton fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients.Results: Calculation of dose conversion coefficients demonstrated that the ACCOMMODATION causes up to 40% discrepancy for fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients of electrons in the range of 600 to 800 keV, which is due to the change of eye lens shape during the ACCOMMODATION of the eye.Conclusion: Since the ACCOMMODATION of the eye change the lens shape and pupil size, it has considerable effect on fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients of electrons at some ranges of incident particle energies that should be considered in simulation. However, the fluctuation of dose conversion coefficients of protons is negligible.

the issue of tourist ACCOMMODATION especially in the cities with a high density of visitors has always been a challenge for urban planners and managers. ACCOMMODATION is the most important component of the tourism plans. Poor tourism plans and ignoring barriers in relation to their implementations will severely impact on urban systems as well as the satisfaction of visitors. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the gap between planning and implementation in planning for tourism ACCOMMODATION. The aim of this research is to analysis the gap between planning and implementation of tourism ACCOMMODATION programs. To discover the problems in this matter, the approved plan of "Establishment and rehabilitant of appropriate places for low- income pilgrims in Mashhad" has been selected as the case study. This plan commenced in 2009 based on the results of a study titled “the Spatial-Physical Patterns of ACCOMMODATION of Low-income Groups around the Holy Shrine in Mashhad”, as a part of the detailed plan of the area. This study focuses on the implementation of this plan in a 3 year period to provide an analysis of the reasons for its ineffectiveness. The main questions are: 1) What are the key components of a tourism plan in order to provide an analysis of the gap between its plan and implementation? 2) How many of the recommended action plans of the case under study have been put into operation in the period between 2009-2012; and 3) Which factors contributed to the infectiveness of the plan and prevented its completion? To provide a logical analysis of the gap between planning and implementation of the case study, the methodology of Pearce (2000) has been used. The data have been sourced through study of the relevant documentation of the ACCOMMODATION plan for pilgrims in Mashhad, interviews with the planners and managers of the plan, and observation of the various parts of the plan which are under operation. The outcome of the study reveals some of the key factors in the dissatisfaction of both users and the client include inaccurate prediction of the planners, lack of adequate information about appropriate needs of pilgrimages such as ease accessibility to the Shrine, ineffective management, insufficient commitment of management contractor for the implementation of the approved plan, and failure in attracting private investment. These factors have resulted in sequential delays in the implementation of the plan and ultimately its abandonment. To overcome the problems and shortcomings of the ACCOMMODATION plan for Mashhad pilgrimages, it is thus necessary to review the plan and establish new strategies according to base tourism model. Since the managers in practice understand the challenges of the plan, a dynamic strategic management system can be adopted to keep the link between planners and operational managers. The process should be controlled in different stages to ensure the correct implementation and to cope with unpredicted situations. A multiple choice planning methodology is recommended to be used to overcome unexpected hurdles to help project managers to understand when and how unexpected hurdles can be prevented.

This survey study's main goal was to present a taxonomy of tourists visiting Mashhad according to their ACCOMMODATION type. The required data were collected by administering a researcher-developed questionnaire on domestic tourists who visited Mashhad in the winter of 2019. The ACCOMMODATION centers' typology was done based on qualitative typology and taxonomy. The former was done based on cost and grade criteria, and the latter was carried out by ''two stages clustering analysis ''. The study's findings indicated that most of Mashhad tourists (97%) were considered loyal visitors who had visited there frequently. Measured in terms of individualistic-collective criterion, the visitors' travel style was found to be collective (81%). On the other hand, based on the Institutional-Independent criterion, the visitors' travel style was Independent (68%). Taking the ethnographic factors and the characteristics of the visitors' travel into account, three types of tourists were identified as follows: ''non-individual less frequent visitors'' (37%), '' short-stay costly visitors" ' (36%), and '' frequent frugal visitors'' (26%). The first group accommodated in guesthouses, rental houses, and low-grade hotels and hotel-apartments. The second group accommodated in high-grade hotels, hotel-apartments, and guesthouses; the third group accommodated in their relative's houses or personal homes.

Purpose: To compare the ACCOMMODATION facility response changes between three-dimensional and two-dimensional television viewers watching a similar visual stimulus for 90 minutes.Methods: The study enrolled 66 students, aged between 18 and 25 years. The participants were randomly divided into one of the two groups; 3D viewers and 2D viewers. In each group, 3D or 2D movies was shown on 42” display for 90 minutes. Monocular and binocular ACCOMMODATION facility, visual acuity and fixation disparity were measured before and after the movies and changes in the ACCOMMODATION facility response were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyzes were performed using the SPSS statistical software, version 18.0.Results: The mean participant age was 20.70±1.20 and 21.20±1.20 in the 3D and 2D groups, respectively. In the 3D group, the mean ACCOMMODATION facility for right eye, left eye and both eyes was 12.15 ± 1.73, 12.42 ± 2.03 and 10.75 ± 1.90, respectively, before intervention, and 11.33 ± 1.77, 11.51 ± 2.07 and 9.96 ± 2.06, respectively, after intervention. The mean fixation disparity was 0 ± 0 before and after intervention. The mean visual acuity was 10.10 before and after intervention. There was a statistically significant change (p<0.001) in ACCOMMODATION facility after watching 3D movies but, it was not clinically considerable. In the 2D group, the mean ACCOMMODATION facility for right eye, left eye and both eyes was 12.27 ± 1.66, 12.24±1.82 and 10.75 ± 1.82, respectively, before intervention and 12.60 ± 1.8, 12.42 ± 2.07 and 10.87 ± 2.04, respectively, after intervention.The mean fixation disparity was 0 ± 0 before and after intervention. The mean visual acuity was 10.10 before and after intervention. No statistically significant changes were observed after watching animation in this group.Conclusion: Watching 3D televitions can decrease the facility of ACCOMMODATION immediately after watching the movies but, it is not clinically considerable.

The city of Qom is considered a high risk area due to its high seismic risk and high vulnerability. The large population at risk on the one hand, and the lack of a suitable plan to accommodate the large population based on recent earthquake experiences and actions, on the other hand, exacerbate the situation and turn it into a crisis. The purpose of this study was to derive a suitable model for temporary ACCOMMODATION after a possible earthquake in Qom. According to this model, the design of the temporary ACCOMMODATION required is based on the physical and non-physical conditions of the site, using existing potentials and infrastructures. A criterion can be used both to design and provide the right solution in times of crisis and to help evaluate and compare designs and design competitions for a uniform evaluation. In this research, a quantitative-qualitative research method with descriptive-analytical approach along with field surveys wereused. Library study tools, document review, observation, and interviewing with authorities and experts have also been used to collect information. The result of this study is to present a model of temporary ACCOMMODATION after a possible Qom earthquake based on the design criteria for temporary ACCOMMODATION. In this regard, temporary housing design criteria were extracted based on specialized literature review and similar experiences and prioritized and weighted by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Subsequently, housing options in the city of Qom were prioritized according to design criteria. In the end, by combining these options, the temporary housing pattern of Qom was determined. To facilitate understanding of how this pattern was transformed into a physical design, an example was designed with attention to architectural details.