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Introdution. Amoxicillin alone is used for a wide range of clinical indications. It is also available commercially as Augmentinø, an oral antibacterial combination containing ß-Lactamase inhibitor potassium clavulanate, the potassium salt of clavulanic acid. This combination is recently formulated and available commercially as Co-amoxyclav in Iran. The relative bioavailability of orally administered Co-amoxyclav and Augmentinø were compared following a single 625 mg dose (amoxicillin 500 mg as amoxicillin trihydrate, and clavulanic acid 125 mg as potassium clavulanates).Bioavailability parameters -including area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC) as a measure of the extent of drug absorption, and the highest concentration (Cmax )and the time to reach to a highest concentration (tmax)as a measure of the rate of absorption, were calculated from circulating drug levels and compared between the two products for each subject.Methods. twelve healthy adult male supjects were enrolled under fasted conditions using a two way cross over study. Samples of venous blood (10 ml) were obtained pre dose and at 0.33,0.66, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7h post dose. Serum concentration of both amoxicillin and clavulanate were measured by a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography previously reported. Amoxycillin was determined by monitoring at 227 nm, and the limits of detection in human serum were 0.5 mg/ml. Calibration curves were linear through 0.05-10 mg/ml for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (correlation coefficients> 0.99).For both active drugs, inter and intra day coefficients of variation were less than 10% at both low and high concentrations.Results and Discussion. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have mean half lives of 1.11 (0.2) and 0.8 (0.2) hours, respectively. Results from this study show that 90% confidence intervals were 1.05-1.12 and 1.14-1.16 for AUC0-t 1.06-1.15 and 1.02-1.16 for AUC0-¥ 0.97-1.03 and 0.99-1.19 for Cmax and 0.89-1.19 and 0.8D-1.07 for tmax for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid respectively. These results clearly demonstrating bioequivalence of the two products.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: H. pylori eradication has been known as an effective measure in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), chronic gastritis and gastric malt lymphoma. Furazolidone has recently shown promising efficacy in H. Pylori eradication and has replaced metronidazole in different eradication regimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of two quadruple therapies based on furazolidone or metronidazole in the eradication of H. Pylori in Babol. METHODS: This interventional study was performed on 103 patients with dyspepsia and endoscopic diagnosis of H. pylori infection. H. pylori status was assessed by histologic examination of biopsy specimens and rapid urease test (RUT). Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups: ABRM (amoxicillin 500 mg tid, bismuth subcitrate 120 mg tid, ranitidine 150 mg bid and metronidazole 250 mg tid) and ABRF (with the same regimens but furazolidone 100 mg tid was administered in stead of metronidazole 250 mg tid). All antibiotics were taken for 10 days, but BR for 20 days. The endoscopy was repeated 4 weeks after the cessation of antibiotics. The efficacy of eradication was assessed by the histologic examinations and RUT. FINDINGS: Of 103 patients, 96 (%96.1) completed treatment. Forty-six patients with mean age of 42 years (range: 20-75 years) and 50 with mean age of 40 years (range: 18-71 years) were treated with ABRM and ABRF, respectively. Clinical manifestations were the same in both groups. The per-protocol eradication rates were 54.3% and 60% for the ABRM and ABRF groups, respectively (p= 0.362).CONCLUSION: This study show that both quadruple metronidazole and furazolidone have equal effect on the eradication of H. pylori.

Background: Modeling aims at simulation or optimization of a process in various environments and is an essential tool that allows researchers to gain a better understanding of processes. Also, modeling helps to predict the scientific events. In spite of the great advantages of antibiotics, these compounds enter into the environments through various pathways, change and destroy different ecosystems, and lead to bacterial resistance. Amoxicillin is widely used as an antibiotic in modern medicine. Due to its certain physicochemical characteristics, it leaks into aquatic environments. Up to now, many physical and chemical methods have been recommended for removing amoxicillin from soil and aquatic environments. However, these methods are very costly.Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate and model the capability of the biological aerated filters (BAFs) in degradation of amoxicillin from aquatic environments in different concentration levels of amoxicillin and hydraulic retention times (HRTs).Materials and Methods: In this study, biodegradation of amoxicillin by BAF was evaluated in the aquatic environment. In order to assess amoxicillin removal from the aquatic environment, this bioreactor was fed with synthetic wastewater at four amoxicillin concentration levels and three HRTs.Results: The results showed that maximum amoxicillin and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals by aerated biofilter were 50.7% and 45.7%, respectively.Conclusions: The study results showed that Stover-Kincannon model had a great fitness (R2>99%) for loading this biofilter with amoxicillin.

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic resistance has prepared the way for substituting new therapeutic methods. Studies have indicated that nanoformulated antimicrobial agents have better therapeutic effects. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with amoxicillin (ACNs), was assessed in comparison with free amoxicillin against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this experimental study, the nanoparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation technique. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin and nanoparticles against standard and clinical strains of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis, was investigated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and inhibition zone diameters. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukeyʼ s post hoc test. Results: The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) and ACNs was 88 and 106 nm, respectively. ACNs showed higher antibacterial activity compared to amoxicillin and CNs without drug as determined by the smaller MIC (0. 375mg/ml) and MBC (2 mg/ml) values and larger zones of inhibition (28mm). The highest and the lowest sensitivity to nanoparticles, were observed for Enterococcus feacalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the nanoformulation of amoxicillin may be an appropriate strategy to increase its therapeutic effects. However, precise clinical studies are required for its confirmation.

Background: The evidence of rapid spread of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR–TB) strains especially in high risk communities; persuade clinicians to find new drugs for this problem. b– lactams with few or no side effects has been reviewed as an alternative drugs for this issue. This study carried out to determine the effectiveness of amoxicillin–clavulanate in a group of Iranian patients.Materials and methods: Amoxicillin–clavulanate was studied in five different minimal inhibitory concentrations (32- 512mg/ml) on 90 clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (50 strains were sensitive and 40 were resistant to firstline anti-TB drugs).Results: All strains were found resistant to amoxicillin–clavulanate in concentration of 32mg/ml. Only in concentration of 64 mg/ml, sensitive strains (to first-line anti-TB drugs) were significantly more susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanate than resistant strains. Five different MICs showed a non-significant difference in susceptibility to amoxicillin– clavulanate between strains with various resistance patterns to first-line anti-TB drugs. However, in 29 strains MIC were above 512mg/ml.Conclusion: Although amoxicillin–clavulante might be a suitable candidate as a second-line anti-TB drug, further clinical trials are required to draw a firm conclusion.

The synthesis of amoxicillin with immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) in aqueous medium was investigated. The parameters studied were: time course of amoxicillin production, concentration of substrates: hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester (HPGM) and 6-aminopeicillanic acid (6- APA) and the effect of enzyme (PGA) content and pH, under variable and constant conditions and temperature variations. In the study of two substrate concentration on amoxicillin production, impressive results were obtained for a 1/3 ratio of 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA) and hydroxyl-phenylglycine methyl ester (HPGM). The synthesis of amoxicillin was preferable at constant pH rather than a variable one. Other optimal conditions obtained were: enzyme concentration: 5 g/L with 100U, process time: 480 min and temperature: 35oC. The yield for amoxicillin synthesis under prescribed conditions showed up to 50%.

Introduction: Amoxicillin is one of the most important groups of pharmaceuticals that benefits humans and animals. However, antibiotics excertion in wastewaters and environment have emerged as a serious risk to the biotic environment, and their toxic effects can harm the organisms. Iron- based metallic nanoparticles have received special attention in regard with remediation of groundwater contaminants. In the typical nZVI- based bimetallic particle system, Fe acts as the reducing agent. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the synthesis and characteristics of nZVI in regard with degrading AMX.Methods: In this study, nZVI nanoparticles were synthesized using the liquid- phase reduction method by EDTA as a stabilizer material. Structure and properties of nanoparticles were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD and EDX analysis. A multi-variate analysis was applied using a response surface methodology (RSM) in order to develop a quadratic model as a functional relationship between AMX removal efficiency and independent variables (initial pH values, dosage of nZVI, contact time and amoxicillin concentration). The four independent variables of solution pH (2–10), AMX Concentration (45-5mg/l), contact time (5-85 min) and nanoparticles dose (0.25–1.25 g) were transformed to the coded values.Results: The study results demonstrated that more than 69% of AMX was removed by nZVI. The optimal AMX removal conditions using nZVI were found as 1.25 g of nZVI, pH 4, contact time of 80min and concentration of 30 mg/l.Conclusions: The ability of nZVI in degradation of AMX revealed that these materials can serve as a potential nano material with respect to the environmental remediation.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the main constituent of human bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are used for the treatment of various bone infections. Nanohydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material. It is used as a drug carrier for drugs and biomolecules for various diseases. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are made into nanocomposite with sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol. This nanocomposite is used for the sustained release of drugs. It is characterized by various characterization techniques like XRD, FTIR, TEM, and Raman. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are coated initially with polyvinyl alcohol and then coated with sodium alginate. Amoxicillin is used as the model drug. Studies on the drug loading and drug release have been done. The release of the drug is sustained for about 30 days. Antimicrobial studies have shown good activity against pathogens. The zone of inhibition is found to be 18 mm for a concentration of 500 μ g against Bacillus subtilis and 16 μ g against Klebsiella pneumonia.

This paper examined interaction of Graphene with Amoxicillin antibiotic through density functional theory (DFT) and by using molecular docking method. For this, the structures of Amoxicillin and, Graphene were initially optimized with Gaussian program. Then, by using the molecular docking strategy and its grading system, we computed the arrangement of 10 structures with additional negative binding energy and a fixed state compared with other samples. Finally, for the most fixed arrangement with Graphene, molecular orbitals evaluations were conducted, and binding energy along with thermodynamic evaluated, the results indicated that the adsorption of Amoxicillin antibiotic on Graphene was an exothermic. Finally, the QTAIM calculations were performed to evaluate the type of interaction and bonds created between amoxicillin and graphene.