APG2 is a computer application designed for amphibole-plagioclase geothermobarometry. It is the first updated version of APG and supports 4 thermometer models and 6 barometer models involving either amphibole-plagioclase or amphibole only. APG2 has capability to integrate all 4 thermometer models with 6 barometer models and produce 24 different states which user can export them all at once to an Excel table. APG2 works in both graphical and analytical way. APG2 is also able to calculate the H2O content and Oxygen fugacity (logfO2) of magma hosting amphiboles.

Considering fundamental changes in the classification of angiosperms, based on phylogenetic studies, makes revising and updating Floras inevitable. Hence, in this paper, changes in the flora of Afghanistan have been listed and compared with the flora of Iran. As the latest studies indicate, according to APG IV system, the flora of Afghanistan comp-rises 40 orders, 130 families, about 1030 genera and 5065 species of angiosperms. In comparison the flora of Iran comprises 42 orders, 139 families, nearly 1252 genera and 8090 species of angiosperms. Moreover, the two countries share 39 orders, 124 families, 844 genera and about 1800 species. In Afghanistan the largest number of families belongs to Lamiales and in Iran to Caryophyllales. Asteraceae contains the largest number of genera in both countries. As far as the number of species in concerned, the largest angiosperms family in Afghanistan is Asteraceae, but in Iran it is Fabaceae. The most diverse genera of both countries are Astragalus and Cousinia respectively. Gymnosperms have two orders, four families, seven genera and 22 species in Afghanistan, while in Iran they have two orders, three families, five genera and 17 species. By adding 58 species of pteridophytes and 311 species of bryophytes to Afghanistan’s flora and 60 species of pteridophytes and 534 species of bryophytes to Iran’s flora, in total, Embryophyta have approximately 5460 species in Afghanistan and 8700 species in Iran.

Geothermobarometry equations are based on thermodynamic principles and appear in single or multi-variant functions. The number of variants for a specific composition or reaction usually is reduced into 2 involving temperature (T) and pressure (P). Since most of planned equations have two passive or variant P and T, using these equations should be with special care. It is very effective to use graphical method to apply geothermobarometry functions. Graphical method is a fundamental way to solve the math functions. In the graphical method two consistent geothermobarometry equations, which both have at least one share variant (P or T), are selected in order to achieve P and T. These selected equations should be applicable for the same reaction or rock. In this method selected thermobarometry equations are drawn on a P-T diagram and then intersection point of them which introduces asked temperature and pressure will be obtained.One of the most common geothermobarometry equations, suitable for intermediate magmatic rocks, is amphibole-plagioclase thermometry and amphibole barometry. APG software program introduced in this paper is specialized and designed for calculating equilibrium temperature and pressure of amphibole and plagioclase within an igneous rock. In this software program, Pressure and temperature are estimated coincidently based on the graphical method.

The increasing influence of APG classification system necessitates an update on taxa recorded in most regional floras including Iran. Many changes in circumscriptions of families and orders have occurred in APG in comparison with other classification systems. However, here we only attempt to emphasize on changes in the Iranian flora, especially in comparison with “Flora Iranica” and “Flora of Iran”. Of the overall 132 family names which have been mentioned here, 22 families are not found in Flora Iranica. Based on the APG IV system, 21 families which had been mentioned in Flora Iranica for Iran should be merged with other families. Accordingly, the angiosperms of Iran comprise 8012 species, approximately 1234 genera and 132 families placed in 39 orders. Gymnosperms (17 spp.), ferns (60 spp.) and mosses (534 spp.) included, the number of plant species of Iran exceeds approximately 8628 species. The largest angiosperms families of Iran are Fabaceae (1401 spp.) and Asteraceae (1234 spp.) in terms of number of species, and Asteraceae, Poaceae, Apiaceae and Fabaceae in terms of number of genera. The largest angiosperm order of Iran in terms of family number is Caryophyllales. The largest genera of Iran are Astragalus with about 830 species and Cousinia with about 280 species. In the two latest versions of APG a linear sequence of families is provided to be used by herbarium curators.

In this study, the effect of various concentrations of alkyl polyglycoside (APG), aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3), and tetra-n-butyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) on the storage capacity of CO2 hydrate formation are investigated. For this aim, a laboratory system is developed. The experiments are carried out in the pressure range of 25 to 35 bar and the temperature range of 275. 15 K to 279. 15 K. The Experimental results showed that by increasing the system pressure at a constant temperature, the storage capacity increased by 48% on average. Decreasing the system temperature at constant pressure increased the storage capacity by 23% on average. Adding APG to the system at constant temperature and pressure increases the storage capacity by 75% on average, while adding nanoparticles of aluminum oxide increases the storage capacity by 5% and TBAC 38% on average. For statistical analysis of laboratory data, Design-Expert software and Response Surface test design method, and Quadratic model are employed and a mathematical relationship is developed with R2 = 0. 9987 to estimate CO2 storage capacity in hydrates. The optimum amount of storage capacity equal to 137. 476 has been reached at 34. 558 bar, 276. 085 K, 2. 825 wt% of TBAC, 956. 733 ppm APG, 2. 436 wt % Al2O3.

The survey of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) flaring illustrate that about 40 million cubic meter of APG have flared in oil operating regions at 1395 year. High volume of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) flaring and problem of Notional Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) for execution of APG gathering plans has led to do policies such as auction of APG and transfer of NGL units to private sector by this company. Requisite for implementation of this policies that means present private sector in APG gathering plans is creation of given set up and framework in relations between NIOC and private sector. One of the cases that has important role in APG plans, is determined APG Pricing Model. So in this paper, meanwhile explained gas pricing models, a model was suggested for APG pricing. The main results of this study is pricing model for APG assuming sale to NGL unit such as NGL-3200 in which this model is based on fundamental principles such as type of use APG, gas quality, environmental issues, thermal value of gas and liquid content. Moreover, employing this model for feed pricing of NGL-3200 unit shows that minimum and maximum of APG price for this unit 5 and 8.2 cent per cubic meters Respectively. Also, sensitivity analysis presents that change of utilization rate, price of product from APG processing and capital cost can be effective on APG price

   A controlled growth characteristic of CoNiCu nanoalloys on indium tin oxide coated glass (ITO) has been prepared by alkyl polyglucoside (APG) assisted electrodeposition. The FESEM analysis carried out on the as-prepared samples found that the morphology of nanoscale Co-Ni-Cu alloy particles was strongly influenced by the APG surfactant in the reaction. In a typical process, the morphology of Co-Ni-Cu particles was spherical with excellent size distribution of average size ca. 50 nm. It is in total contrast with those prepared in the absence of APG, of which is irregular shape particles of size ca. 100 nm as the dominant product. The composition analysis on the deposits found that the addition of the APG surfactant in the reaction may modify the ratio of the alloys to some extents, as the change in the co-electrodeposition potential become improbable in the system without the APG surfactant.

Given that most of the gaseous constituents of industrial chimneys are usually carbon dioxide which is one of the most important greenhouse gases. It seems that the hydration process is one of the newest methods for the separation of this gas from gaseous mixtures. In the gas hydrate formation industry, in addition to disadvantages, there are some advantages such as gas separation, transmission, and storage. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate promoter for the formation of gaseous hydrates as well as to find the inhibitor. In this study, the effect of tetra-n-butyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) (which is a thermodynamics promoter) and alkyl poly glucoside (APG) as a nonionic surfactant on the surface tension of carbon dioxide hydrate formation process have been studied. The experiments were carried out in a 218 cm3 batch reactor. The surface tension of CO2 hydrate has been determined at different concentrations and different temperatures and pressures. The nucleation classical theory has been used for this purpose. Designing the experiments performed by Design-Expert software. The results show that increasing the APG and temperature leads to decreasing the surface tension and in contrast, induction time decreases, and the experimental model of the effect of these parameters on surface tension presented as R2 = 0. 9898.

Background: Punica granatum var. pleniflora (Golnar in Persian) is a subspecies of pomegranate that only has the blooms with no fruit generation. The plant has been used for the treatment of liver diseases in Iranian folk medicine. Objective: In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Punica granatum var. pleniflora (APG) were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats along with its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of APG were also measured by DPPH method and the determination of polyphenol and flavonoids contents. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by CCl4 administration and the extract were administered orally at three different doses. Results: At the end of the experiment, the serum biomarkers of liver injury, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, and total protein were significantly decrease in APG-treated animals when compared to CCl4-intoxicated rats (P<0. 001). Besides, in vivo examination showed that the extract prevented CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats, which demonstrated by the restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the lessening of lipid peroxidation (P<0. 001). In addition, APG diminished the increase of relative liver weight induced by CCl4 in rats (P<0. 001). Conclusion: To conclude, this study showed that APG possesses potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Also, the hepatoprotective properties of APG against CCl4-induced liver injury may be partly mediated by its antioxidant activity due to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the plant.