Barzok is one of the mountainous cities in Kashan region with mild climate, suitable rainfall, springs, aqueducts, numerous farms. Thus gardening and agriculture are flourishing there. On the top of one of the aqueducts of this city, called Lavalun, there is a stone slab on which there is an inscription. This article, while referring to Barzok farms and Lavalun farm, elaborates on the coordinates and quality of the stone slab with the carved inscription, the text of the inscription, and the social and religious status of the founder of the aqueduct. In this thirteen-line inscription, the order to dig an aqueduct, called Qasemabad, is mentioned by Abolghasem Zaid Naraghi, one of the religious leaders of the region. This inscription includes the order of digging the aqueduct, the name and titles of the founder, good prayers to him, and the date of digging the aqueduct. The inscription of Lavalun aqueduct was written during the reign of Ghazan Khan in 695 AH. This inscription along with two others, belonging to 705 and referring to the construction of two mosques in Barzok, shows the social and cultural changes of Ghazani period and Barzok prosperity in the patriarchal period. Another important point is that many parts of this inscription have been destroyed or are on verge of destruction without any technical protection while it has not yet been registered.

Unlike the motor pump, which is an imported, exported and standard technological phenomenon and has a mass-produced structure and copying, the aqueduct is a traditional and natural phenomenon whose tools are also handmade and belong to the Pre-Modern period. Aqueduct tools are not mass-produced. The construction of some aqueduct tools can be done by local experts, but the construction of some aqueduct tools requires more specialty, expertise and responsibility, and cannot be produced in the same village, region and city where the aqueduct is located. That is, the production of aqueduct tools is divided into three general categories: First, the tools on which the health and lives of Muqni and his colleagues depend, and when a problem arises in those tools, people's lives are endangered. The second oneis the tools that, despite their great importance, the problem in them does not directly and immediately endanger the lives of people, and the thirdone is the tools that are installed in the aqueduct for a long time. This article is not intended to explain how to build tools in this chain because others have explained enough about them; the purpose here is to explain the cultural and civilizational understanding of these tools and to ask questions in this regard.

Water, as one of the most basic elements of life, has always played a fundamental role in the construction of settlements and the emergence of human civilizations. In Iran, according to geographical conditions, including low rainfall, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, cities and villages are mostly located around water sources such as aqueducts. The aqueduct has had various functions in the dimensions of sustainable economic, social, cultural, environmental and administrative development of arid and semi-arid regions of the country. One of the villages whose life depends on the aqueduct is Khairabad village. This village has four aqueducts. Dehanbara aqueduct and new aqueduct are among the most famous aqueducts of this village and play a vital role in the survival, durability and development of this village, especially in the field of tourism industry. In the past, these two aqueducts have had various functions such as providing drinking water, agricultural water, animal husbandry, washing and water mills, and today they can play a very important role in the development and progress of this village in the field of tourism and industry. This research examines the role, position and function of Dehanbara and New Aqueducts in the development and progress of Khairabad village in the past, present and future. At the same time, this research is fundamental-applied in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its historical nature and method of collecting library, documentary and field materials (observation and interview).

In conventional design of an elevated aqueduct, apart from considering the weight of water inside the channels, hydrodynamic forces are generally neglected. In a few special cases involving high seismic zones, hydrodynamic forces have been modeled considering equivalent lumped-mass type idealization or other models. For support conditions, either the base is considered as fixed or in a few cases, equivalent spring-dashpot system is considered.However, during an intense seismic event, nonlinear soil structure interactions (SSI) may alter the response of the aqueduct significantly. This paper investigates the effect of hydrodynamic forces and SSI on seismic response of a representative elevated aqueduct model. Different modeling concepts of SSI has been adopted and the responses are compared. Frequency domain stochastic response analysis as well as time-history analysis with a series of ground motions of varying hazard levels have been performed.Demand parameters such as base shear and drift ratio are studied for varying heights of water in channels and different site conditions. From the frequency domain analysis, the effect of convective masses is found to be significant.From the time history analysis, the overall effect of increase in height of water is found to be negligible for nonlinear base case unlike the fixed and elastic base cases.For the nonlinear base condition, the base shear demand is found to decrease and the drift ratio is found to increase when compared to the results of linear base condition. The results of this study provide a better understanding of seismic behavior of an elevated aqueduct under various modeling assumptions and input excitations.

Various dimensions of the human vestibular aqueduct were evaluated in two groups, patient and control and these measurements were compared. Both groups were examined clinically, followed by audiometric evaluation and temporal bone high resolution CT scan. It was found that in approximately one third of the patient group (with idiopathic SNHL), the vestibular aqueduct was 1.5mm or larger.Also, the midpoint diameter of the distal limb was larger than in the control group (p<0.01).But there was no relation between the various dimensions of the vestibular aqueduct and mastoid pneumatization.

Personal identity is closely linked with many family and local identity, creating a sense of place that is their ability to adapt to the environment or cultural structures and it is emotional or developmental. City of Hamadan first blocks friendly and "canals" core city's main contribution in water aqueducts in the past has been very important city. Regarding the increase in constructions in urban development around the gardens within the city, part of the identity of the "white" was forgotten. Aqueducts in the city of Hamedan as an indicator in such a way identity new neighborhoods from other neighborhoods in the city. The term "sense of place" applies here to manage this sense of place and maintain this sense of security, belonging Mast. inspiring mission as "meaning" as one of the main criteria for optimal 'structure' and 'identity' are. The simplest form means in the narrow sense of the term, identity. the identity's cultural factors. This study aims at determining the identity deriving from canals in the city of Hamedan and analytical research method is descriptive in nature The findings of this study may be used in subterranean influence in identifying the city of Hamedan.

Background and Objective: Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear, which is associated with dizziness and lightheadedness. An underlying cause of dizziness in this disease can be the presence of an enlarged vestibular aqueduct. In this study, the prevalence of enlarged vestibular aqueduct in these patients compared to the normal population has been investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 people with bilateral otosclerosis and 26 people with at least one healthy ear requiring a CT scan were compared. Vestibular aqueduct was tested by evaluating the two factors of the midpoint width between the external diaphragm and the common crus, and its width in the external diaphragm region and comparing the two groups. Bone conduction, speech detection threshold, and gap between bone conduction and air conduction were calculated and compared in otosclerosis patients with enlarged versus normal vestibular duct. Findings: The median width of the vestibular aqueduct in the area of the external aperture in patients with otosclerosis (1.2 mm) was significantly greater than that of healthy subjects (1 mm) (p=0.046). Regarding the size of the vestibular aqueduct in otosclerosis patients, 5 patients (9.6%) were found with enlarged vestibular aqueduct in radiological findings. However, this difference was not statistically significant. In otosclerosis patients, bone conduction threshold in all frequencies was significantly higher in people with enlarged vestibular aqueduct compared to other patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of enlarged vestibular aqueduct in patients with otosclerosis is considerable, and it is better to pay enough attention to the CT scan of patients before surgery to prevent possible complications.

One of the most important pollutants in water sources is heavy metals. The development of industrial and agricultural activities has led to their widespread distribution in the environment and has raised concerns about their potential effects on the ecosystem and human health. This research aims to investigate the histological damage of heavy metals chromium, cadmium, cobalt, and copper on aqueduct fish. In this study, Capoeta fusca in 5 groups each with 10 specimens (one control group) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cr, Cd, Co, and Cu chlorides. They were exposed to these heavy metals for 28 days. The histological damage in the gills of fishes exposed to cobalt chloride includes edema, a fusion of lamellae and lamellar synechiae, and in the gills of fish exposed to copper chloride, it includes necrosis, the fusion of lamellae and lamellar synechiae. In the intestinal tissue, some histological damages due to exposure to chromium, cadmium, cobalt and copper chlorides include the swelling of goblet cells, increase in the number of goblet cells, destruction of villi and expansion of villi structure. The severity of histological damage in the intestine of fish exposed to copper chloride is higher than that of fish exposed to chromium, cadmium and cobalt chlorides. Sub-lethal concentrations of various heavy metals can have adverse effects on the gill tissue and intestine of C. fusca, the severity of which increases with time.