Spatial distribution pattern of species plays an important role for understanding forest ecosystem dynamics due to its effect on ecological factors such as establishment, growth, competition, regeneration, mortality, resource allocation, gap dynamic and understory development. In this study, the spatial pattern of twelve tree and shrubspecies (including Oak, Pistachio, Hawthorn, Juniper, Mahleb, Montpellier Maple, Ash, Almond, Honeysuckle, Cotoneaster, Wild Cherry and Daphne) was explored in Chahartagh forest reserve in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari Province in Iran. Attributes recorded in field included species type and geographic position for individual trees with DBH>5 cm as well as for shrubs with crown width>0.5 m within a 52 ha rectangular area. We used Ripley'sK function for determination of species-specific spatial distribution pattern as well as the spatial pattern of total woody species across the study.Despite of existing differences in the intensity of aggregation, the results showed that all woody species are distributed in aggregated pattern. The Oak and Montpellier Maple showed the most aggregated distribution amongst the tree species. Furthermore, the trees were shown to follow a aggregated distribution than the shrubs. Compared with other similar studies, the distribution pattern of woody species seems to be aggregated form everywhere across the Zagros region of Iran. The results of this study are concluded to provide useful guidelines for conducting reforestation and afforestation projects for similar test sites. In addition, the study suggests a more cautious choice of sampling strategy for such areas, since the use of common methods such distance sampling can presumably lead to a biased estimation of forest parameters across similar regions.

Stability and instability of natural gradients are among the factors which play a determinative role in planning and placing the various kinds of usages. Studying the mass movements and the probability of occurrence of this phenomenon will be useful in the procedure of planning. Zoning the slope movements is among the methods for determining the critical regions for gradient stability. Statistical survey of gradient parameter shows that the potential for instability increases with the increase in the gradient of slope. The main goal of this paper is to determine the most important and effective factor in occurrence of land side in Ardal County, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtirari province. Therefore, according to studies in the field of the effective factors on occurrence of land slide, obtained results were using gradient maps, direction of gradient, lithology, usage of lands, distance with fault, and waterway network. Calculating the value of each factor using Analytical Hierarchy Process and pair comparison of said factors and also preparing the map of zoning the risk of land slid, according to the final value of each factor, we can conclude that the most important and effective factor in land slide in Ardal county is gradient factor, and also the second effective factor with direct effect on the amount of land slide in region is lithology.

The waste pollution is sources of many environmental problems. These sources can also contaminate water resource, air and soil. In addition, they can destruct landscapes and pestilential in the regional. Therefore, the placement is a policy for solid waste landfill. In this research, we are going to find suitable placement for landfill in the Ardal region. This region is of great importance for water resources and natural landscape. We used geodatabase such as DEM, river, spring, wells, soil, land use, forest, transfer energy (gas, power electric line), population settlement and geology. In addition, we used AHP and geo-statical methods. The results indicated that distance of population settlements, forest, land-use and water resources are important for election placement of solid waste in Ardal region. In this region, there are five classes for landfill. These classes are very suitable (10.8 km2), suitable (17.3 km2), relatively good (4.8 km2) and unsuitable (1055.3 km2). Therefore, rural management must consider these conditions for landfill solid waste in Ardal region.

The present study was conducted to investigate the hampering factors affecting development of rural women entrepreneurship in Shalil villages of Ardal Township. This descriptive analytical research was used documentation and field studies to collect data. Field data from the census of rural women, which they had been involved in entrepreneurial classes (195 people), is collected via a questionnaire. the validity Of questionnaire as research instrument was confirmed by Isfahan University staff and the reliability of the hampering factors was obtained by performing a pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha (a=0.895). Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software. TOPSIS and AHP techniques were used to achieve the main research objective and giving weight to the variables. Results showed some hampering factors that limited the entrepreneurship development of rural women such as lack of funding and inadequate savings; lack of collateral and guarantees for the use of public funds; and inability of rural women to compete with men in the field of trade and economy with the priority factor of 0.624, 0.613 and 0.59, respectively.

The book Tā, rī, kh al-Akrā, d by Masturah Ardalā, n is one of the works on the history of Kurdistan that includes the political events of Ardalā, n rulers by Mastoore Kurdestani. The question is that Tā, rī, kh alAkrā, d in which types of historiographies is being placed, and what is its author approach, method and vision in this work? The findings of the research show that Kurdish history is in the category of traditional dynastic historiography and the principles of traditional historiography can be well observed in it. In analyzing the events, the author believed in divine dispensation and believed less in the role of human will and planning in the formation of events. In this context, she has done a little analysis of events and overall, due to providential thinking, she is more of a deterministic historian than a rationalist. The writing style of the book is also simple and literary.

Many factors like topography, climate, geology, tectonic, vegetation, soil properties,… are effective for occurring mass movements, that some of them are natural and some are created due to human activities. Deforestation and degradation of forests is one of the factors that aggravate the landslide occurrence and create mass movements directly. To investigate this important problem, in this research, two hillslopes with the same conditions (from viewpoints of geology, pedology, topography and climate) in the field (Ardal township- Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiari province) were selected as one of them includes deforestation (unstable) and another one has been covered by oak forest and is stable. Based on the studies, both hillslopes have been located in alluvial formation with marl layers and soil texture in both of them is also clay-loam that dominant mineral clay is esmectite. From point of view of soil mechanical properties (internal friction angle and soil cohesion), both hillslopes are the same and they classified in ML-CL groups. From the hydrology view point, water resources in upstream of both hillslopes are common and the rate of infiltrated water is 152600 cubic meters per year. The most difference between these two hillslopes is the vegetation percent as one of them has been covered by oak forest with 40 percent canopy while other one (unstable hillslope) has less than 5 percent canopy. After determining the all effective parameters in landslide, it was specified that in landslidy hillslope, the factor of safety is equal 1 (Bishop Method) and hillslope has been slided. On the other hand, in hillslope with oak trees, the rate of safety factor (without considering the effect of tree roots) has been obtained equal to 0.9 and hillslope is stable yet. Then, it can be concluded that oak trees with 3-4 root depth, have increased the soil strength and its consolidation. Furthermore, oak forest has been able to extract the further water and decrease the mass weight through increasing the evapotranspiration. Finally, it can be concluded that in Zagros region, deforestation and cutting the oaks is one of the important factors for occurring landslides.

Background and aims: Normal pregnancy and its successful outcome require intake of sufficient food. Undesirable nutrition is directly associated with pregnancy outcome, therefore, its prevention is the best strategy to maintain maternal and fetal health. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition during pregnancy and associated factors in women of Ardal County.Methods: The present study was a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study conducted in 2012-2013 and investigated 435 pregnant women referring to healthcare center of Ardal, who were enrolled by census method. The instrument of data gathering was a form which was filled out with reference to the registered data in household medical file. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using Chi square and Fisher’s exact test.Results: Of the total of 435 women, 31.7% had diploma education and 98.2% were housewives. Chi square test indicated no significant association between the women’s and their spouses’ education level and occupation, and weight gain throughout the whole pregnancy (P>0.05). The highest prevalence of malnutrition (51.3%) was derived in the first trimester.Conclusion: In view of the prevalence of underweight pregnant women, the training of healthcare centers’ personnel is important. Consider the proper implementation of healthcare schedule during pregnancy, particularly monitoring of mothers’ weight gain and training of appropriate nutrition.

Prior to 2008, simply a single Neolithic site was known from the southwestern Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Therefore, there was too few data on the nature of sedimentary settlement and development of nomadic subsistence in the region. Three seasons of survey programs carried out from 2008 to 2011 in the Miankuh region in the southwest of Ardal County, which represents one of the most mountainous parts of the province, produced significant results. In particular, a total of 600 sites dating from the Paleolithic up to the Qajar period were recorded, of which nine belonged to the Neolithic period. The recorded Neolithic sites lie for the most part in Sar Khun and Holusa'd valleys.The identified sites are mainly located in large and small valleys and on slopes. They show all the morphological characteristics of the modern nomadic settlements except that some contain evidence of continued settlements. Analysis of the Neolithic sites reveals that all of them were simply transient settlements, i.e. either was abandoned after this short period or was used for another short period.The Neolithic pottery from this region, with little few similarities with materials from Mushki and Jari in Fars and Neolithic ceramics of Khuzestan, finds closest parallels among the assemblage from Qale Rustam, which probably has had a local origin. Among the early Neolithic cultures of Southwest, ceramics from Qale Rustam I and II show the closet similarities with Early Neolithic sites of Miankuh.

Mass movement is one of the natural phenomena that cause considerable damage in different regions of Iran. Galeh Shour landslide in Chahar Mahale Bakhtiari is one of the problems caused by road to Khoozestan province construction. The dimensions of this landslide are 125 m length, 110 m width and 24 m depth. The effective factors on landslide such as topography, weather, geology, tectonic, geomorphology, vegetation cover, physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of sliding mass were determined and compared with regular hill slopes. Accordingly, uniformity of geologic formations with topographic slope (20-40%), susceptibility of marl formations and their expanding when subjected to water absorption and because of dominant mineral of smectite, low plasticity, degradation of vegetation cover, annual. precipitation in the form of rain and snow (680 mm), and road construction on hill slope intensify the landslides. The stability analysis of the hill slope using stable software shows that landslide has occurred in depth of 24 m. The estimated volume of sliding mass was about 172,000 m3. Based on plastic and liquid limit of the mass (LLm=30.15%and PL=28.6%), about 52069-83932 m3of water is needed for this landslide to occur. According to the annual precipitation and area (150 ha) of up hill in sliding mass, about 152603 m3of water has entered the mass. With this absorbed water, the moisture of mass reaches plastic and liquid limit and even more. In addition to the mentioned effective factors on landslide, other factors such as tectonic and road construction in down hill intensifies the occurrence of landslide in this region.