In this work, first, copolymer of butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate (ButAc-co-VAC) was prepared by emulsion polymerization in aqueous medium. In the second step, aniline was polymerized in the copolymer matrix by chemical oxidation polymerization. Polymerization of aniline was carried out in the presece of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as do pant.Ammonium per sulfate was used as an initiator. Purified composite material of Polyaniline/ (BuA-VAc) was dissolved in dichlorometane byusing mechanical mixer. The films was prepared by casting method. The four-point conductivity measurements showd that the blend conductivity is 2.8 S. cm-1. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) revealed that the blend materials are electroactive. It was shown that the electrical activity of polyaniline was transfered successfully to the blend. Amount of conductivity compared with various do pant ions. The mechanical properties of the films indicated that the blend could be considered as an elastomer.

Background: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are mainly abused by athletes for improvement of muscle performance. Data suggest that the effect of AAS on neurobiochemicals related to behavioral response, may be underlies psychological adverse effects. Physical activity has beneficial psychophysiological effects, which may be related to increased serum levels of endogenous opioid peptides during exercise. In the present study we aimed to study the effect of chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate on beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin level in exercising rats.Methods: In this experimental study, forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned in two main groups of sedentary and trained (2 weeks swimming exercise). Animals in each group were divided in two subgroups of control (received nandrolone solvent) and drug treatment (received nandrolone 15 mg/kg, 5 times/week). After two weeks of swimming exercise and drug treatment, serum levels of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin were measured using ELIZA.Results: Our data showed that two weeks of swimming exercise training significantly increased serum beta-endorphin (114±5 vs. 98±5 ng/l in control group, P= 0.038) and met-enkephalin levels (1556±42 vs. 1475±27 ng/l in control group, P= 0.25). However, chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate in trained group considerably de-creased beta-endorphin (84±4 vs. 114±5 ng/l in control group, P= 0.002) and met-enkephalin levels (1378±36 vs. 1556±42 ng/l in control group, P= 0.011). The effect of supraphysiologic doses of nandrolone decanoate in control sedentary group was not statistically significant.Conclusion: In the present study we show that chronic nandrolone decanoate admin-istration attenuates effects of two weeks swimming exercise on serum opioid peptide and reduces the level of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin. Keeping in mind that opi-oidergic system play an important role in behavior, athletes abusing anabolic steroid drugs may potentially experience changes in mood and behavior.

The photo induced electron transfer reactions of three Ru(II) complexes with phenol ate ions of polyphenols (gallic acid, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) and thymol have been measured in 50 % aqueous acetonitrile at pH 11 and the observed quenching constant (kq) values are sensitive to the nature of the ligand and the structure of the phenol ate ion. The change of kq values with DG0 is in accordance with the Marcus semi classical theory of electron transfer. The static as well as dynamic nature of quenching is confirmed from the ground-state absorption studies. The reductive quenching of the Ru (II) complexes by the phenol ate ions has been confirmed from the transient absorption spectra. The formation of phenoxyl radical as a transient is confirmed by its characteristic absorption at 400 nm.

Nowadays we are witnessing the dramatic growth of utilizing corpus-based studies in linguistics known as corpus linguistics. The current research aims to study the improvement of frequency techniques in Farsi Language and has been conducted in order to achieve a scientific approach in automatic term extraction focused on extracting basic medicine terms. Using statistical approaches along with corpus linguistic tools (hybrid extraction methods) for automatic term extraction purposes have become quite common in a number of languages such as English, French, Japanese and Korean. So far, these approaches have not been utilized in Farsi language widely and most of the efforts for term extraction have been conducted in traditional ways. On the other hand, these approaches are language specific and it is not possible to use them for a different language. They should be modified based on the properties of the target language in order to achieve an extraction method which is appropriate for that language. To do so, a group of frequency models with approaches to count frequency in a main corpus and a special corpus and their improved methods have been utilized. The frequency method used in this study has counted the terms in a general and a main corpus which is created by the researcher. These corpuses are formed from the texts in science textbooks of Iran highschools (grades 9-12), science textbooks of Iran middle schools (grade 7-8), the science texts taught in Qazvin Imam Khomeini Farsi Language Center and some journals and articles on general science. Achieved results show that there is a potential possibility to extract terms automatically in Farsi. Among the major challenges of utilizing the simple methods we can refer to the process of separating high frequency words such as coordinators or prepositions. Therefore, to increase the power of this model, we improved the basic models by applying some techniques on them. It is observed that the improved frequency method has shown a better performance in the special corpus as opposed to other methods and has been able to predict up to 60% of the special vocabulary in the first 50 high frequency extracted vocabulary. On the other hand, other results of the study show that the presence of low frequency vocabulary in the general corpus with a frequency similar to the frequency of special vocabulary, has led to achieving weaker results than the simple method.

It is well known that Solon put the cornerstone of the Athenian Democracy. When did he do it that like many other cities in Greece, Athens was subject to the crisis and on the brink of civil war. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of Solon for saving Athens from the crisis and leading it to such a political system that after him named the Athenian Democracy. To investigate it, first it is necessary to have a review of situation of Solon’s era and then, an attention to his viewpoint so that how Athens could be saved from that crisis. A survey of his viewpoint shows his utilization of mythical heritage, although, he used this heritage in order of his era’s need for enacting legislation that he named the just law or the good law. He enacted this law for preservation of the limits of citizens as well as giving them a political role so that, unlike the former traditional system, they would enjoy of a political role and responsibility. The effect of this was the first cornerstone for Athens to arrive to its Democracy.